Segmented Worms and Their Species

Segmented worms (Annelida) are a group of invertebrates that includes about 12,000 species of earthworms, ragworms, and leeches. Segmented worms live in marine habitats such as the intertidal zone and near hydrothermal vents. Segmented worms also inhabit freshwater aquatic habitats as well as moist terrestrial habitats such as forest floors. Anatomy of Segmented Worms Segmented worms are bilaterally symmetrical. Their body consists of a head region, a tail region, and a middle region of numerous repeated segments. Each segment is separate from the others by a structure called septa. Each segment contains a complete set of organs. Each segment also has a pair of hooks and bristles and in marine species a pair of parapodia (appendages used for movement). The mouth is located on the first segment at the head-end of the animal and the gut runs through all segments to the end where an anus is located in the tail segment. In many species, blood circulates within blood vessels. Their body is filled with fluid that gives the animal shape through hydrostatic pressure. Most segmented worms burrow in terrestrial soils or sediments at the bottom of freshwater or marine waters. The body cavity of a segmented worm is filled with fluid inside which the gut runs the length of the animal from head to tail. The outer layer of the body consists of two layers of muscle, one layer that has fibers that run longitudinally, a second layer that has muscle fibers that run in a circular pattern. Segmented worms move by coordinating their muscles along the length of their body. The two layers of muscles (longitudinal and circular) can be contracted such that parts of the body can be alternately long and thin or short and thick. This enables the segmented worm to pass a wave of movement along its body that enables it to, for example, move through loose earth (in the case of the earthworm). They can make their head region thin so that it can be used to penetrate through new soil and build subterranean burrows and paths. Reproduction Many species of segmented worms reproduce asexually but some species reproduce sexually. Most species produce larvae that develop into small adult organisms. Diet Most segmented worms feed on decaying plant materials. An exception to this are the leeches, a group of segmented worms, are freshwater parasitic worms. Leeches have two suckers, one at the head end of the body, the other at the tail end of the body. They attach to their host to feed on blood. They produce an anticoagulant enzyme known as hirudin to prevent blood from clotting while they feed. Many leeches also ingest small invertebrate prey whole. Classification The beard worms (Pogonophora) and the spoon worms (Echiura) are considered to be close relatives of the annelids though their representation in the fossil record is rare. The segmented worms along with the beard worms and spoon worms belong to the Trochozoa. Segmented worms are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Invertebrates Segmented Worms Segmented worms are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Polychaetes - The polychaetes include about 12,000 species that are characterized by having multiple hairs on each segment. They have nuchal organs on their neck that function as chemosensory organs. Most polychaetes are marine animals although some species live in terrestrial or freshwater habitats.Clitellates - The clitellates include about 10,000 species that have no nuchal organs or parapodia. They are noted for their clitellum, a thick pink section of their body that produces a cocoon to store and feed fertilized eggs until they hatch. The Clitellates are further divided into the oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and the Hirudinea (the leeches).

Who Is The Best Option - 1645 Words

People will always encourage you to never give up. But sometimes, I ve found, giving up is the best option you have, because you realize one day that you re wasting your time. As I fought the urge to punch my parents in the face, I realized that was the case. I was wasting my time trying to convince them that regardless of the upbringing they have forced upon me, I was going to live my own life the way I feel pleased to live it. I scanned the room we were feuding in: a small living room with pictures of Bruce Springsteen where the average, normal family would have had portraits of themselves. Moreover to the left, there was a small frame containing my face, painted stark white with black motifs where ever they chose to place them. A Kiss concert, because where else would an art major want to spend his time? Certainly not at the art show his parents forced him to miss so he could attend the concert of a lifetime. I can t believe this, my father started. Your destiny. Our family name. You want to waste it on paint? He paced when he was angry, which made his beer belly flop around. His band t-shirt fit too snugly on his protruding stomach, so his hands were placed strategically to nonchalantly lower the chances of his midriff collapsing. Though it hardly helped. My mother sat on the couch, her bubblegum pink braids hanging low along with her head. I thought you wanted this, Tripp. I thought you liked rock and roll, being in the family band. Don t you want toShow MoreRelatedWho Is The Best Option?838 Words   |  4 Pageswhen a person acts counter to his or her own best judgment. This is also called incontinence. Many philosophers argue whether or not an incontinent action can even occur. It seems hard to believe that a person could believe one action to be the best option yet commit another action. If we believe an action to be best then why would we choose another action? Is it weakness of the will or is it something else? 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Rent-to-own is negotiated through contract so that the renter can eventually complete his or her payments and eventually claim the house as their own prop erty. With other various ways to pay for a home, many potential home owners will most commonly find themselves confused and may have multiple questions regarding what payment option is the best for them. Like everything in life, rent-to-own has its prosRead MoreMinimum Wage And Philosophical Theories1374 Words   |  6 PagesFirst one is that it is best to not have any minimum wage and let the employers and employees decide. Second, the current minimum wage should not change and stay the same as it is. Third suggestion is that the U.S. should raise up the minimum wage up to certain about such as $15 an hour. Ethical egoism suggests that he or she has to make decisions based on what’s best for his or her interests and it is the only way to make decisions in the long run. 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Mark detested himself“ for being so brainless at times, for the lack of ideas within his head Essay Example For Students

Mark detested himselfâ€Å" for being so brainless at times, for the lack of ideas within his head Essay Mark detested himself à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for being so brainless at times, for the lack of ideas within his head when there was meant to be enough time to think. Our man reassured himself that he was not totally in blame. Song writing is a passion for him. The enjoyment of the gust and agony within the lyrics of songs by hard-rockers had served as a form of inspiration. He felt empathy, similarity to how the rockers feel about life. Marks collection of self-composed songs have hints of vulgarity every now and then, even though the man knew that he will never get his sensitive fellow Singaporeans to hear them. A talent left undiscovered. Sighing, Mark resolved in attaining some peace. He broke from his mess of thoughts, closing his notebook- his personal Thoughts from a cynic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" with no reference to Confucius sayings. He kept the compact book in his underwear drawer, which is an impossible reach from his nosey younger sister. Mark grabbed his guitar, strummed to some nonsensical tune and sang his personal favourite production. My Maths teacher, she gaveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ me detention! he wined, having nostalgic moments of secondary school life, I sat on the benchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ staring at the girls from basketballà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. He went on until his sister shouted shut up from the next room. He turned to his clock. Eleven-thirty. Time to sleep, he muttered to himself, dropping dead on his bed. As usual, Marks friend, Aaron à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a man who strongly believes that punctuality is a virtue, was before time. Aaron was waiting under the sign, which showed directions to the different sectors of the campus of Singapore Polytechnic, resembling a mannequin of what latest fashion was. He prefers keeping up to trend. Hey, morning, Aaron! Mark greeted cheerfully. You moron, Aaron muttered. You made me wait for fifteen minutes. I looked like an idiot standing under this hot, burning sun. The duo strolled their way to the school canteen, receiving several stares and glances from the girls, which passed along the way. Both were not totally pleased with all that attention. I feel like weve been stalked, Mark grumbled, adjusting his spectacles, I guess thats the consequences of having some Prom King for a best friend, That was in Secondary school! Aaron insisted. Dont be modest, Mark said, reaching out his hand to pull his friends green-streaked fringe. Now I hope those first-year girls are not at the canteen, Oei, dont pull my hair, leh! Aaron retorted. After a quick bite of fresh sandwiches from the canteen vendor, the two rushed to their lecture hall. Mark broke into a silly tune along the way. Aaron was rather amused. Say, who wrote that song? Pretty cute, Aaron commented. Emà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that was written by some eighteen-year-old who is hailed as Singapores Ronan Keating, Local singer? Yeah, And whats his name? Mark Chan Wei Xiang, he grinned, pointing to himself. Oh! That idiot, ah! Aaron laughed. He noticed a small notebook amongst the pile of lecture notes, which his friend carried. Without asking, he grabbed it, flipping through its contents. Mark stopped, rather shocked. That was his personal notebook. What would Aaron think about all those radical ideas? Those are sillyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ emà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ writings, stammered our man. Aaron looked up. Closing the book, he smiled. Interesting, On one Saturday afternoon, Aaron was strumming his electronic guitar in his living room when the doorbell rang. Fetching it, he found himself face to face Mark, with his hair all spiked up with the help of reliable strong hair wax. You are late! yelled Aaron. Ten minutes, Mark tried. Yeah, what excuse do you have this time? That you took all that time making yourself look like a human porcupine? Yah, Aaron, but please let me in, I need to use your loo! You want me to flood the entrance of your door? While Mark was busy settling his own business in the comforts of the toilet, Aaron sea rched his desk for his latest issue of 8-days. Whilst browsing, he had found an advertisement placed up by the people from Singapore Youth Organization. .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e , .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .postImageUrl , .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e , .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e:hover , .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e:visited , .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e:active { border:0!important; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e:active , .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Eazy-E EssayThey had a Youth Park, allowing undiscovered band groups to perform their music pieces. Aaron felt it was a great opportunity for himself and Mark. After Aaron had discovered the hidden talents within his friend, the duo had worked together to form a band called the Juveniles, spending weekends at each others houses as they composed numerous songs in the whilst of munching on Sour-cream and Onion flavored Potato Chips. Mark returned from his trip to the water closet, grabbing the can of potation chips upon the table, then starting to devour them. Did you wash your hands? the hygiene man speaks. Mark mocks a disgusted for his friends extra-consciousness. Aaron h andled over the magazine to Mark, pointing to the advertisement. As Mark read, his thin lips curved to form a broad grin. Cool! Mark exclaimed, Five months of hard work may pay off right now! Yeah, some talent scout from some record company may be there, in search for new talents, Aaron helpfully suggested. Just shut up now, get me a pen to fill this form, Mark lugged his electronic guitar up to the small center stage, settling down on the wooden chair. He turned to his audience à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" people of his age, some whom he recognized seeing hanging out in his school compounds. When it comes to being known, Mark certainly earned that title à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for he was once a notorious school rebel, an Ah Beng who rebel without a cause, the one with the whole mop of golden-tinted hair. His friend, Aaron, was on the other end of the stage, holding on to a microphone. He felt high, imagining himself as the lead singer of a rock band performing for the great crowds in the National Stadium. Yet in reality, his audience is of less than fifty, unaware of whom he was too. He winked at one of the Chinese girls dressed in a halted top. The master-of-ceremony announced, And next we have the duo band, the Juveniles, consisting of Aaron as vocals and Mark, the guitarist. Mark waved politely, with Aaron being overwhelmed with enthusiasm, blowing kisses at the applauding crowd. The clapping stopped. Taking in a deep breath, Mark started strumming his composition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Sorry, written for his ex-girlfriend. With Aarons melancholy vocals singing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" If only I treasured those times rather than regretting right now for nothing, the Juveniles felt the dozens of pairs of eyes were paying full attention. Mark could just sense something good was going to happen. He looked up from his guitar, looking at his friend, who was really enjoying the presence of the crowd. The next Saturday, Aaron was surfing the Internet on Marks computer. Mark was flipping through The Straits Times Life! column. Aye, idiot! Stop chatting with those school girls, can or not? Mark retorted, looking up from the papers. Cannot, the other typed on the keyboard continuously, the eyes glued to the screen. Mark stood up and pushed his friend away playfully as the other rolled to the other corner of the room in the wheeled cushioned armchair. He went to check on his e-mail account, finding a new message for him. Joyce Chan, Mark read the senders name with much curiosity. Whos that? Aaron questioned Aaron, who had picked Marks pillow from his bed, practicing kissing skills on the unfortunate living thing. Mark read the mail. He was shocked; it showed upon his face. The man left the computer screen and literally drop onto his bed, head first. Aaron was curious on whatever that gave such a reaction on his friends. Perhaps someone had found the Juveniles a future talent, but yet, why the shocking expression? Mr. Mark Chan, Your band, the Juveniles, was great! This is Joyce, from Black Star modeling agency. We are currently recruiting fresh-faced models and we see you and your partner, Aaron Lee, as potential cover boys. Do contact me, Joyce, at my Handphone: 97325103 as soon as possible, thank you. Yours sincerely, Joyce Chan Black Box

The Holocaust Repirations And Payments Essays -

The Holocaust: Repirations and Payments Money cures all alements. The Holocaust was a robbery, however money cannot replace the lives that were destroyed. The World Jewish Congress estimates between 23-32 billion 1945 dollars were taken from jews in occupied Europe. This money was taken through lies, theft and outright barbarity. After the war, Western Allies helped Jews reclaim their property, however many people, who were liberated by the Soviets, did not have this luxury. When families began to settle, and were in need of funds, they took it upon themselves to sue the establishments who had confiscated their possessions. Many companies and countries readily paid millions of dollars, however the largest payment, came from Germany itself. The World Jewish Congress estimates between 23-32 billion 1945 dollars were taken from Jews in Occupied Europe. (CQ researcher) This money was taken from jewish people through deceit, trickery and outright theft. In light of these occurrences, many jews put their savings in swiss bank accounts. German officers also did the same with stolen money. After the war, the swiss banks kept this treasure they had amassed over a 12 year period. Other countries, such as Austria, and Poland stole precious possessions from Jewish families, such as rings, and trinkets. Personal items by the thousands were taken and used to make German Products. Things such as hair and fingernails were cut off and used to stuff pillows or to make cement. After the war, Western Allies helped Jews recalim their property as best as they could, however some jews lied, and stole other peoples precious belongings. Some governments formed formal investigation committies to discover what was whos so to speak. The new nation of Israel, which was taken from the Palistinians by the british, and given to the victims of the Holocaust, sued Germany for 4.5 Billion dollars. The money is critical for Israel to buy arms in order to stop any forms of rebellion. Many jews form class action suits against companies such as BMW and Mercedes-Benz, both of whom allegedly used jewish slaves to make vehicles. The United States Government creates a Holocaust claims commitee, to oversee and aid in the return of money and property. Many individual companies paid money, however the largest payment came from Germany itself. Germany agreed to pay 14 billion dollars over a period of 10-14 years to victims of the Holocaust. The money that the Swiss banks had kept, was being repaid. Several banks together agreed to pay 4.7 billion dollars in total to Holocaust families. Austria, pays 150 million dollars over a period of 15 years. However, some do not want anything to do with this money. This is because the money is made of "mother's rings" and "father's teeth". (Joast) Indeed the method most of this money was taken was in such a way, that to profit from such a horrible occurrence as this, one would have to lack certain qualities that reside in ones conscious. However the this shows us that the Holocaust victims were human, and not 100% victims as was the old notion. Many individuals were very critical of people who sought comfort and closure through million dollar settlements. What was taken from the millions of human beings during the Holocaust will and can never be returned, however money, should be the last thing on peoples minds when thinking of this. In fact, 67% of the people currently suing germany and other nations about the Holocaust, were not victims themselves. (http://wjcic.mvb.org/hlcst/current/~index/main.html) A price tag can never be put on a human life, and never should be. Asking for money, simply puts a price tag on one of the most horrifying chapters of mankind. Instead of asking for money, they should ask that Germany educate its young, that Switzerland uses the money it stole, to create a Holocaust memorial, that Poland build Jewish temples, but not fatten ones wallet.

AndAlso and OrElse VB.NET Basic Logical Operators

AndAlso and OrElse VB.NET Basic Logical Operators VB.NET features two logical operators that help make your programming ... well ... more logical. The new operators are AndAlso and OrElse and they add a lot to the old And and Or operators. Whats New AndAlso and OrElse have some properties that enhance your code in ways that previous VB versions couldnt match. They offer advantages in two general categories: You can avoid executing part of a logical expression to avoid problems.You can optimize code by not executing any more of a compound expression than required. AndAlso and OrElse are pretty much like And and Or except that they will short circuit an expression once the outcome is guaranteed. Example Suppose youre coding a test of a calculation result like this: The if expression generates a divide by zero error in VB 6 because Value3 is zero. (But see the Quick Tip on divide by zero for more on that.) It could be that the cases that result in Value3 being zero are very rare and only occur when youre enjoying a vacation a thousand miles away so you can be called back to fix the program in an emergency mode. (Hey! It happens!) Lets recode the program as a .NET program using AndAlso and see what happens. After changing And to AndAlso, the program works! The reason is that the last part of the compound If condition- (value 2 \ value3)- is never actually executed. When you use AndAlso, VB.NET knows that the expression cant succeed once it is determined that the first part of the condition- a is not greater than Value1- is false. So VB.NET stops evaluating the expression right there. A similar example could be constructed using OrElse. This analysis also suggests how you can add some efficiency to your code by arranging a compound logical expression correctly. If you place the expression that is most likely to be false in the leftmost position when using AndAlso, you can prevent execution cycles from being used to evaluate the rightmost expression. In a single test, it wouldnt make enough difference to be worth even thinking about. But if your test is inside a loop of some kind and is executed zillions of times, it could make a big difference. Knowing about these two new VB .NET logical operators can help you avoid very subtle errors or achieve subtle efficiencies.

running in the past essays

running in the past essays Nabokov, Peter. Running in the Past: Trade Networks and Messengers. Indian Running: Native American History and Tradition. 1981. In Running in the Past: Trade Networks and Messengers, Peter Nabokov illustrates the importance running has played in the ability of Native Americans to keep up communications by showing the importance of runners in the Pueblo revolt in 1680, the reliability of the Cocomaricopa newsboys, as well as the efficiency of the Iroquois messengers. In 1680, a Pueblo uprising was started in New Mexico. The leader of this revolt was a man they called Pope. He was a religious man who was enraged by the Spanish rule in their territory. Since the Spanish settled in the Pueblo territory, they had created havoc for the Indian religion. Therefore, Pope sent out runners, with the plans of the revolt, to all 70 tribes of the Pueblos. Some runners traveled over 300 miles to reach distant Hopi villages. After these messages were delivered, the runners were sent on a second mission. They were to deliver bundles of knotted cords, which were used as countdown devices. A knot would be untied each day, and when all the knots were untied, the Pueblos would attack. The plan worked out perfectly and the Pueblos defeated the Spanish, and gained their religious freedom back. Another great example of the importance of runners was the Cocomaricopa newsboys. They were usually 25 to 40 year old men who trained with a strict diet and daily practices. These men were allowed through enemy territory, even in times of war, to deliver messages and keep up communications. The Cocomaricopa runners were legendary endurance runners. John G. Bourke, a traveler in the Colorado River area, reported that one runner covered a 200 mile distance in less than 24 hours. He also reported that he paid a runner two dollars to make a twenty-one mile trip through deep sand in which he comp...

Reducing income inequality while boosting economic growth Research Paper

Reducing income inequality while boosting economic growth - Research Paper Example OECD countries entail five groups with regard to their patterns of inequality. For instance, nations like Australia, Ireland and United Kingdom and the Holland reflect dispersed wages and high part- time employment share, putting inequality in labor earning at above the average of the OECD. Means- investigated transfers of public cash and progressive taxes for household reduce the general inequality in income, but it retains its position above the average of the OECD. Similarly, some Nordic nations and Switzerland all entail comparatively low income of labor inequality due to narrow dispersion of wages and high rates of employment. Can transfers are normally universal; hence, they are less redistributive. Inequality in income for such a group is significantly below the average of the OECD. Empirical analysis by Garicano reveals that despite the critical role played by technological change and globalization in fueling labor income distribution, the variation in marked cross- country i s certainly because of differences in institutions and policies. Consequently, a scholar can deduce the following conclusions about the policies and the institutions: firstly, policies of education matter. Policies that raise rates of graduation from upper education and tertiary education as well as advance uniform education access help diminish inequality. Secondly, well- designed policies institutions of labor market can decrease inequality. A significantly high minimum wage minimizes distribution in labor income, however if set at a high level it may diminish employment; hence, dampening its influence on inequality- reducing. Arrangements of institutions that uphold trade unions...The paper presents a modern comprehensive analysis of the state of income inequality in the OECD countries, identifies factors behind such income distribution and offers policy measures to reduce inequality, while maintaining high levels of development. The paper identifies patterns of inequality betwee n OECD countries and demonstrates a new analysis of policy together with non-policy drivers in the countries It has sketched a comprehensive portrait of rising inequality in income among the OECD.It has reviewed changes in the factors, that stipulate such state of things, and it has examined their significant influence on inequality. Particularly, it has examined the role of technological changes and globalization as well as regulatory reforms in tax regulations and benefit. It has assessed what a government can do in addressing rising inequality and it has concluded by examining the likely certain policy avenues. The analysis revealed that income inequality prior to transfers and taxes is entirely driven by labor income diversion and the existence of inactivity and part- time employment. A significant finding reveals that education and policies of anti- discrimination, fully developed institutions of labor market and progressive systems of tax transfer can all help moderate inequality in income. Certain tax reforms and systems of transfer comprise a double divided in inequality diminution and increase of GDP per capita. The paper discussed other reforms such as trade- offs between the policy objectives

For this assignment you are asked to first select ONE of the following Essay

For this assignment you are asked to first select ONE of the following topics to investigate - Essay Example Several publications put an emphasis on the developments and realities of video conferencing. They illustrated case after case of people making use of video conferencing and avoiding travel (Davidson & Cope 2003). A number of companies, such as Siemens, LifeSize, and Cisco Systems, have been developing this form of technology for several years now (King 2009). Fortunately, or unfortunately for others, the rapid progress of the current economic crisis is speeding the pace of its implementation. It is not likely that video conferencing can replace business travel, yet companies are increasingly resorting to it as the drawback of the technology—such as dropped calls, wobbly connections, and confusing delays—mostly has been remedied (Tracy 2009). This essay is an attempt to discuss the possibility of video conferencing replacing business travel in the near future. Through specific examples and empirical evidence this essay aims to give light to this new trend in technology and business tourism industry. The current literature on this issue includes the inexpensiveness of video conferencing and transforming economics as well as the ‘not so sophisticated’ adaptations of the technology such as those provided by google, yahoo, or skype. These low- and high-tech video technologies are by now beginning to transform numerous procedures not just in the business tourism industry but also in other professional and skilled sectors of the economy. Several authors discussed particularly the effect of video conferencing on business travel and reduced popularity of business travel. For instance, Hewlett-Packard and Cisco have experienced a considerable growth rate in their video conferencing units over the recent decade (King 2009). The enterprise of video technology is fascinating in two points. First, from the point of view of the customers, although the direct capital needed is not negligible, it

The Association of International Publishers Essay Example for Free

The Association of International Publishers Essay Billy Curtis Clark was born on 29 December 1928 in Catlettsburg, Kentucky. Clark was the seventh child of Mason and Martha Clark (Foster, 1997). Clark was born in the bridge between Kenova, West Virginia and Catlettsburg, Kentucky because her mother had experienced labor pains during the time she was in West Virginia to buy something. Her mother was in a hurry to get home because he doesn’t want Billy to be born in West Virginia for nationality purposes. Catlettsburg is a town where poverty prevails and because Billy had aimed to get away of this town, he had worked hard to finished his secondary education. Billy Clark was the only child of Mason and Martha Clark who had finished secondary education. Clark had many struggles in his early adult life because at the age of eleven, he left his home and had lived in the city office building. To support his studies, he had been able to experience cleaning the jail and being a volunteer fireman. He had endured this kind of life for almost five years (Foster, 1997). After staying in the city office building for five years, he joined the Korean War. This was the time when he finished high school and because of the urge to continue to college he joined the Korean War. He was granted benefits from the G. I Bill and was able to continue college because of the grant. He chose to enroll in the Kentucky University. His first publications were rooted at the Kentucky University and these publications were produced while he was still studying at the university. His first magazine publications were entitled Boy’s Life, Coronet and Nugget (Kelly). The struggles that were experienced by Billy Clark continued even during the times he was pursuing college. He had to work then because he also had helped his mother and father in order for the poverty burden to be lessened. His father had several strokes those times and his mother had to take laundry to support the family’s needs. Because of the poverty experienced by his family, he left the university and worked in the Ashland Oil. It is in Ashland Oil were he met his wife Ruth Bocock (Foster, 1997). The Billy C. Clark Bridge that connects Kentucky and West Virginia was named in honor of Billy Clark. This is maybe because he was born on that the same river. There were several awards that had been given to Billy C. Clark because of the numerous and enormous contributions he had done in the field of literature and poetry. He was considered an award winning writer of eleven books. Among the books that he had published is the â€Å"A Long Hoe Row† that is now used by most of the universities in the United States of America in order to study the field of Appalachia. It was also awarded by the Time Magazine as the one of the Best Books in 1960. Moreover, the book entitled the â€Å"Hunter’s Horn† had received and was included and selected as one of the Crowell-Collier Classic. This was in year 1964 (The Association of International Publishers). Billy C. Clark was also the founder and editor of the Virginia writing. Clark is also a writer-in-residence at the Longwood University. Billy C. Clark had also been a writer-in-residence at his former college school at the Kentucky University. He was in service to the University for almost eighteen years. He became a full professor and at the same time being a writer-in-residence at the Longwood University in Kentucky. Another interesting thing about the famous author Billy C. Clark is that he had written a book at the age of fourteen but he was not able to publish it until he married Ruth Bocock. Ruth was the one who discovered that he had written the â€Å"Song of River†. He had written the book at the age of fourteen and the book was published exactly fourteen years after it was written with the help of Ruth Bocock, his wife. Ruth was the one who discovered the book at the back of his car after they got married (The Association of International Publishers). Works Cited: Booty, Kent. News Release from Longwood College. 28 August 1992. Foster, Kelly. (2007) Billy C. Clark. KYLIT, A site devoted for Kentucky writer 11 September 2007 http://www. english. eku. edu/SERVICES/KYLIT/clark. htm Peyton, Dave. Billy Clarks stories hewn from log of rough childhood. The Herald-Dispatch. 31 August 1992. Peyton, Dave. Unlike Thomas Wolfe, he can go home again. The Herald-Dispatch. Sept. 1992. Shaffer, Cathie. Long road leads Billy Clark back to Catlettsburg. The Daily Independent. 19 July 1992. The Association of International Publishers (2007). Past Honorees; Billy C. Clark. 10 September 2007 http://www. aepweb. org/fame/bclark. htm

Inhibitory Or Excitatory Potential Changes :: Biology Biological Papers

Inhibitory Or Excitatory Potential Changes Graded potentials can be either hyperpolarizations (inhibitory) or depolarizations (excitatory). Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, also referred to as IPSP, is the temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs when synaptic input selectively opens the gates for potassium ions to exit the cell (carrying a positive charge with them) or for the chloride ions to enter the cell (carrying a negative charge with them). Inhibition is not just the absence of excitation, it is an active brake that is able to suppress the excitatory responses from occurring (Kalat, 2004). Excitatory postsynaptic potential, also known as EPSP, is a graded depolarization. As a result of sodium ions enter the cell, excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs. As a result of the synaptic activation, the sodium gates open, allowing an increase in the flow of sodium ions crossing the membrane. Excitatory postsynaptic potential is a subthreshold event that decays over space and time, meaning its magnitude decreases as it travels along the membrane (Kalat, 2004). Lithium has both inhibitory and excitatory features. Evidence has shown that lithium alters sodium transportation (http://www.mentalhealth.com). In the extracelluar fluid lithium may replace sodium. During the process of depolarization lithium has an extremely rapid intracellular influx. Although, it is not effectively removed by the sodium-potassium pump. According to Kalat (2004) the sodium-potassium pump, "[is] a protein complex that repeatedly transports three sodium ions out of the cell while drawing two potassium ions into the cell" (p. 41). As a result, it prevents the cellular reentry of potassium. This interferes with the electrolyte distribution across the neuronal membrane, resulting in a decrease in the membrane potential, changes in conduction and neuronal excitability. As measured by cortical evoked potential, for humans lithium alters the excitability of the central nervous system (http://www.mentalhealth.com). Lithium enhances the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the synaptosomes, thus reducing their action. Lithium also reduces the release of norepinephrine from synaptic vesicles and inhibits production of cAMP. "Lithium inhibits the synthesis of cAMP by the adenylyl cyclase in many brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, caudate, and hippocampus, but not the brain stem or cerebellum" (Feldman, Meyer & Quenzer, 1997). "The inhibitory action of lithium on NE-sensitive adenylyl cyclase is a consistent finding, but lithium clearly has distinctive effects on the adenylyl cyclase that is coupled with receptors

The Development Of Credit Unions

A credit union is a member owned member controlled not-for-profit cooperative financial institution. Credit unions were formed to provide loans to its members at lower rates of interest than would be other wise available. The first credit union was formed by a group of farmers in Belgium, 1848, during a period of severe economic depression. Townspeople pulled their money together to provide loans to each other. This cooperative approach helped farmers avoid paying the high rates being charged by â€Å"loan sharks†. These loans enabled a farmer to buy the necessities to plant a crop or to help members buy coal in bulk at lower prices. At the time of their origins the only financial assistance available was the local moneylenders. At the time of the depression people who took out loans were forced to pay expensive interest rates. Credit Unions serve low-income people. A person†s ability (income) to repay is considered more important than the desire to sustain the assets of the credit union. Members are borrowing their own money and that of their peers. By 1900 the first financial cooperative idea had spread from Germany to Canada. Canadas successful efforts influenced two Americans. Pierre Jay the Massachusetts bank commissioner and Edward A. Filene a Boston merchant. These two men helped organized public hearings on the credit union legislative in Massachusetts. This led the establishment of the first Credit Union Act in the United States in 1909. The growth of credit unions across the U.S. was slow. Fewer than 10 states passed credit union laws. 1934 Congress passed the Federal Credit Union Act. This act set the basic structure, which governs credit unions today, examples: Member control is democratically exercised regardless of the number of shares held. Loans, which are primary investment for credit union, are made exclusively to members. A board of directors supervises management By 1935 38 states and the District of Columbia had laws permitting the establishment of credit union and over 3,000 were in existence. In 1970†³s credit unions were battling with the government for federal share insurance and the campaign for national fund to support the community developed credit unions (CDCU). In 1970 congress established the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) an independent agency responsible for regulating and chartering federal credit unions and NCUA and Congress also established the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund. This enabled the NCUA to insure the shares of all the federal and state credit unions. In 1978 the Federal Credit Union Act was amended to establish a three-member board, appointed by the president, to head NCUA. Nationally, there are almost 11,000 credit unions with over 73 million members. The Credit Union National Association (CUNA) is the national trade for credit unions. In addition, there are 50 state credit union leagues and leagues for the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. The credit union movement is growing throughout the world, including third-world countries and Europe where people need assistance with setting up consumer finance systems. There are over 37,000 credit unions worldwide in 87 nations with over 88 million members.

Green Mile Book Report Essay

To some people the words â€Å"Book-report†Ã‚  mean rent the movie and write a report on that. Yes, it is easier to watch a three-hour movie rather than read a 536-page book. With most books turned movies, though, the book is far too detailed to fit everything. This is how it is with the book The Green Mile and the movie The Green Mile. There are similarities but, there are also a lot of differences between the two. The main parts of the book and movie are alike: Coffey being caught with the two dead girls in his arms, Coffey saves Hal’s wife and Coffey dying at the end. There are smaller details that are alike and that is more important than the main parts. One small thing is that Paul does have a UTI in both the book and the movie. This is a small part but it brings a lot to the movie and the book because this is how Paul finds out that Coffey is innocent. Another small thing is the placement of the prisoners in the book and the movie. They aren’t exact but they are pretty close and this shows importance when the mouse, later called Mr. Jingles, walks up and down the green mile. Lastly, a small detail that is the same in both the book and the movie is the last sentence. Paul explains his punishment for killing one of God’s great miracles. This is very important because it brings the whole movie and the book to a close. Along with the similarities there are major differences and minor differences between the book and the movie. The major differences that I noticed between the book and the movie are: the mouse doesn’t die at the end in the movie, and there is no real character in the nursing home that bugs Paul in the movie like there was in the book. A smaller detail that is different is that in the book Paul asks Coffey to tie his shoe and Coffey can’t do it. This turned into a major point in the book because it went through how the dog was killed with meat and Coffey was carrying his lunch tied up, when he was found with the girls. The only way Coffey would have been able to use the meat would have been to untie the package his lunch was in and then retie it. In the movie this isn’t even explained which is kind of sad because it shows that he really isn’t the one who killed the girls. Another factor is that in the movie everything is shortened to save time. This is because people don’t want to sit through a five-hour movie. Lastly, the movie was created by the  impression the scriptwriter got with the help of Stephen King so of course there is no way they could have the exact same ideas all the time. This is a great book and a great movie and there is no way that the movie could cover everything that the book covers because there is a time limit with movies when people start to lose interest. Ways that the differences could become less evident would be by in each scene add detail even if it is just one line for a character it would make the book and movie seem more alike. Instead of two people looking at the book and combining their idea it would be one idea shared by millions. Everyone says â€Å"don’t just a book by the cover†Ã‚ , well with more books turning to movies I think that that saying should be modified. The saying for nowadays would have to be â€Å"Don’t judge a book by it’s movie.†Ã‚  I am not saying that all books turn movies are bad. I am saying if you didn’t like the movie and see the book try to read it because there might be more to the story than what the movie covered. Overall both the movie The Green Mile and the book The Green Mile are very good stories but to get the whole story you should both read the book and watch the movie.

Blade Runner (Scott) + Brave New World (Huxley) - Analysis When humanity loses touch with nature speech to environmental forum.

Blade Runner (Scott) + Brave New World (Huxley) - Analysis When humanity loses touch with nature speech to environmental forum. Hello everyone and welcome to the inaugural forum of the "Walk on the Wild Side" group of environmentalists. Our goal here is to protect the natural environment and the integrity of human nature from the destructive potential of science and technology.My opening address will focus on two creative works composed by artists who share our concerns.Aldous Huxley expressed his concern about the growing power and influence of science in the word after the First World War. His satirical novel, "Brave New World" created a dystopia designed to warn of the possible damage to humanity from mass production, totalitarianism, sexual promiscuity and drug use which were appearing at the time, the 1920's.More recently Ridley Scott used his film "Blade Runner", to highlight the destructive forces present the 1980's. He shared the concerns of the environmental green movement, that the planet and its inhabitants were under threat from pollution, the growing power of multinational companies and experimen ts in genetic engineering.Tyrell FXBoth artists used the science fiction genre to create worlds where unrestrained science has degraded human nature and destroyed or devalued the natural world. Both warn us of the dehumanising power of science in a society dominated by a powerful individual. Mustapha Mond, one of the world controllers has complete power over the lives of civilians in England A.F 632, while Dr Tyrell heads the giant corporation which is the ruling power of Los Angeles. Science is used as a weapon for social control.Huxley's use of pseudo-scientific language in the opening scenes helps to give a sense of authenticity to the fictional processes taking place in the Central London Hatchery. Viviparous birth and motherhood are seen as obscenities and have been replaced by Bokanovsky's Process. This method produces "standard men and women in uniform batches" and is the...

Science Fair Chemistry Project Ideas and Inspiration

Science Fair Chemistry Project Ideas and Inspiration These science fair projects ideas provide information and questions you can develop into a science fair project. Bookmark this page or check back regularly, since new ideas are added. You may submit an idea for a science fair project to be included in the list. Quick Look at Projects by Education Level These projects are grouped according to grade level ranging from preschool through middle school, high school, and college. 12th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas. Senior high school science projects can be fairly advanced. Some seniors have done projects that gain them scholarships or change the world!11th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas. 11th grade is the peak time for students to apply to colleges, so an award-winning or thought-provoking project can gain scholarships or aid during the school interview process.10th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas. 10th-grade science fair projects offer students the opportunity to explore whether they want to pursue college education or a career in science. There are scholarship opportunities at this level, too.9th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas8th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas7th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas6th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas5th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas4th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas3rd Grade Science Fair Project Ideas2nd Grade Science Fair Project Ideas1st Grade Science Fair Project IdeasKindergarten Science Fair Project Ideas

Employment Law in UK Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employment Law in UK - Case Study Example Since, the European law prevails over the domestic law, the domestic courts and tribunals have to apply relevant principles of the European law, which in this context refers to the EC Treaty and directives2. Sometimes, a court or tribunal directly applies the European law and sometimes, where there seems to be a conflict between domestic and European law, the European Court of Justice or the ECJ is asked to decide on the correct interpretation of the law. The ECJ's objective is to ensure the uniform interpretation and effective application of European law. In case of a conflict between domestic legislation and European law, an important consideration is whether the law concerned has direct effect in the UK. Article 141 of the EC Treaty3 has direct effect between private citizens or the horizontal effect and between private citizens and the state or the vertical effect. As per the provisions of the European Communities Act 1972, the European Community law forms part of UK domestic law. ... In respect of appellant claims, Section 2(4) of the 1970 Act is relevant and in order to be admissible in an employment tribunal, these claims have to be filed within the statutory time limit. In such cases the employment tribunal is empowered to grant a successful applicant the right to retrospective access to the scheme, subject to the payment of appropriate contributions, wherever the periods of employment were not earlier than the 8th of April 1976. The significance of this date is that from this date direct effect was given to the judgment of the European Court of Justice in Defrenne v Sabena6 and in this case the court held that article 119 of the EC Treaty7 provided for equal treatment in the right to join an occupational pension scheme. In Alabaster -v- Barclays Bank Plc8 Mrs. Alabaster pleaded that her employer's failure to incorporate her pay rise into her SMP was contrary to the Equal Pay Act 1970 and Article 141 of the EC Treaty. The ECJ ruled in her favour and held that there was a breach of EU law, resulting in the UK Government amending the SMP rules. The Employment Appeal Tribunal or EAT has ruled that the Equal Pay Act 1970 is not infringed by a pay system wherein employees with more service and experience were paid more than those with lesser service and experience even though most of the latter are female and most of the former are male. The argument that the ECJ decision in Nimz v Frie und Hansestadt Hamburg9 is not good law because of Handels- og Kontorfunktionrernes Forbund I Danmark v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening10, is untenable, because the first case was concerned with part time employees whereas the

The Importance Of Employee Resourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Importance Of Employee Resourcing - Essay Example Globalization has changed the style that businesses around the world adapt and the concept of employee resourcing is one fine example of this change that how organizations are using the concept of employee resourcing and getting the desired results. This ever-shifting business environment has also given the recruiter a complex challenge, that how the need of the human resources can be managed? How to meet current staffing needs and how to cater futuristic needs? The brunt of meeting these challenges will obviously fall on human resource departments or employee resourcing departments in large organizations and on managers in small organizations. The answer to this challenge is employee resourcing. Employee resourcing is a part of human resource management that ensures that the organization gets and holds the human resources needed and employs them effectively in getting optimum results. Employee resourcing can be considered an integral part because it deals with welcoming people in an organization and if they are not performing well or they are of no interest to the company then releasing them. Following are the main guidelines that are mostly followed by employee resourcing organization in order to hire or fire employees. These processes may vary from country to country and organization to organization. Human resource planning deals with the subject of getting the workforce to the organization as per their requirement and needs and to keep an eye on the need and demand of the organization in terms of human resources for the future (De Feis, 1987). Human resource planning practitioners anticipate and predicts future business environmental demands on an organization and provide the necessarily qualified  workers to fulfill the requirement of the organization and also coming up with the business needs and demands.

Fraud in the AIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fraud in the AIS - Essay Example The risks and threats are clearly seen in the case of WorldCom (Beltran, 2002). WorldCom was a telecommunication company founded in the year 1983. The company became so successful to the point where its stock price went up the peak, making the CEO, Bernard Ebbers, one of the richest men in the United States. The company continued with its expansion strategies by acquiring more companies. It was seen as one of the success stories in the business world in the 1990s (Fernando, 2009). In the year 2002, the company announced that it had used an improper accounting method that resulted to an overstatement in earnings in 2001and during the first quarter of the year 2002 by more than $3.8 billion. As a result, in 2002 the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, which was the largest filing in the history of the United States. It has $41 billion debt load and $107 billion in assets, making the bankruptcy even larger than that of Enron Corporation. The company had to lay off about a fifth of its employees in an effort to stay in business. Investigations showed that the accounting maneuver was exposed by the internal auditor in WorldCom. One of the main discoveries was on the company’s revenue expenditure that had been treated as capital expenditure. It resulted to an overstatement of the profits by $3.8 billion. As a result, the company’s external auditors, Arthur Andersen LLP released a statement stating that it acted according to the professional standards and that the internal audit could not be relied on in relations to the accounting manipulations. Arthur Anderson had acted in collusion with top management at WorldCom to falsify the company’s profits with the aim of increasing its stocks. The company’s audit committee, in turn, replaced Arthur Andersen LLP with KPMG to further investigate the matter.  

John Locke of Poor Reform and Workhouses Essay Example for Free

John Locke of Poor Reform and Workhouses Essay The reading for this week addresses Locke’s understanding of the relationship between the poor and the capable citizens in society. He stated explicitly in his second treatise on government, the importance of work and labor in order to assess a person’s worth. Locke believes that man is not meant to be idle and that the purpose of existence is to live in the image of God and work towards a life of moral bounds and labor upon the earth making it more beneficial to all those who enjoy its benefits. During the century that Locke is writing, about 50-70% of the population is extremely poor. There seemed to be no freedoms unless the institution of waged labor came into question. Waged labor during this time was not much better than being a slave and in many ways is just an extension of slavery. In order to combat the growing problem of the poor in the England cities, Locke proposes the idea of workhouses which would be the equivalent of reform schools. In these institutions, young people of the poor or incapacitated nature would learn tangible skills that they can then use in their homes or that they could use in order to attain a job. Education is very important to Locke because it is one of the main differences between rich/ able bodied and the poor. In my opinion, it is because of the lack of extensive education that the numbers of poor during this century in English history skyrocketed instead of declining as more jobs and resources became available. According to Locke, a major factor in the high numbers of poor is the fact that they are simply idle or lazy and do not want to work hard in order to attain money or land. For some citizens, things of this nature come automatically due to inheritances and things of that nature and presents Locke with a parallel of poor with no means of moving up and the rich with any intent of sharing the wealth and / or knowledge. Rather than poor people, idleness seems to be the root of all evil and the proposal of the English workhouses serve as a remedy to that problem. The sort of public school training that they would provide would give them the opportunity to learn skills that would be used in waged labor so that the poor could be re-entered into society. When referring to the issue of how to address the poor, Locke states that at some point everyone must be trusted to govern themselves and that all able-bodied men are made so by being able to be taught to be good, virtuous, and hard working. Other than spinning and knitting and things of that nature the papers of the purpose, structure, and ends of the development of workhouses does not discuss the formal education of the subjects with regards to curriculum. Because there cannot be accommodations made for any member of society all people should be treated on relatively equal bounds and all should have the opportunity to labor and work in order to combat idleness which is the devil’s playground. I think an important aspect of Locke’s philosophy is the idea that children are property of the public and it is the public’s responsibility to make sure that they have the means to train and educate them so that they will grow up to be able-bodied virtuous citizens. This concept holds true today in that in the United States children are required to go through school until a certain age in order to ensure that they will be able to contribute to society at large.

education in the past :: essays research papers

Education wasn’t an option for Romans and Greeks; it was both a tool and a necessity. Without education, neither of these cultures would have been what they were or remembered as they are today. Without education, neither of these cultures would have experienced the fame and success that they experienced during their individual time periods. About 200 BC, a Roman system of education developed which was different from the Greek tradition, but Romans borrowed some of the ancient Greek system of education. The Roman education system was based mainly on the study of Latin and Greek literature in order to produce effective speakers. School began each year on the 24th of March and there were three phases to a proper Roman Education: primary instruction, reading of literature (called grammar by the Romans), and formal schooling in rhetoric, but these three phases weren’t for everyone because school wasn’t free. For those that could afford to go to school, they had to first be educated at home. In early Roman days, a Roman boy’s education took place at home. If his father could read and write, he taught his son to do the same. The father instructed his son in Roman law, history, customs, and physical training, to prepare for war. Reverence for the gods, respect for law, obedience to authority, and truthfulne ss were the most important lessons to be taught. Girls were taught by their mothers. Girls learned to spin, weave, and sew. Once boys and girls, with their father’s permission to school, reached the age of 6 or 7, they were ready to begin the primary instruction part of the Roman education. In primary instruction, children studied reading, writing, and counting. They read scrolls and books. They were taught Roman numerals, and recited lessons they had memorized. At age 12 or 13, the boys of the upper classes attended â€Å"grammar† school, where they studied Latin, Greek, grammar, and literature. At age 16, some boys went on to study public speaking at the rhetoric school, which was the major element in education, to prepare for life as an orator or as an advocate in the law courts. In ancient Athens, the purpose of education was to produce citizens trained in the arts, to prepare citizens for both peace and war. Athenian schools were private, and required students to pay tuition. There were no state-funded schools at this time and no laws requiring children to receive education. education in the past :: essays research papers Education wasn’t an option for Romans and Greeks; it was both a tool and a necessity. Without education, neither of these cultures would have been what they were or remembered as they are today. Without education, neither of these cultures would have experienced the fame and success that they experienced during their individual time periods. About 200 BC, a Roman system of education developed which was different from the Greek tradition, but Romans borrowed some of the ancient Greek system of education. The Roman education system was based mainly on the study of Latin and Greek literature in order to produce effective speakers. School began each year on the 24th of March and there were three phases to a proper Roman Education: primary instruction, reading of literature (called grammar by the Romans), and formal schooling in rhetoric, but these three phases weren’t for everyone because school wasn’t free. For those that could afford to go to school, they had to first be educated at home. In early Roman days, a Roman boy’s education took place at home. If his father could read and write, he taught his son to do the same. The father instructed his son in Roman law, history, customs, and physical training, to prepare for war. Reverence for the gods, respect for law, obedience to authority, and truthfulne ss were the most important lessons to be taught. Girls were taught by their mothers. Girls learned to spin, weave, and sew. Once boys and girls, with their father’s permission to school, reached the age of 6 or 7, they were ready to begin the primary instruction part of the Roman education. In primary instruction, children studied reading, writing, and counting. They read scrolls and books. They were taught Roman numerals, and recited lessons they had memorized. At age 12 or 13, the boys of the upper classes attended â€Å"grammar† school, where they studied Latin, Greek, grammar, and literature. At age 16, some boys went on to study public speaking at the rhetoric school, which was the major element in education, to prepare for life as an orator or as an advocate in the law courts. In ancient Athens, the purpose of education was to produce citizens trained in the arts, to prepare citizens for both peace and war. Athenian schools were private, and required students to pay tuition. There were no state-funded schools at this time and no laws requiring children to receive education.

Lords of Discipline Essay

A novel based on his own military experience at â€Å"The Citadel†, Pat Conroy’s The Lords of Discipline takes place at the South Carolina Military Institute (a fictitious military school). Like most military schools throughout the United States, â€Å"The Institute† prides itself on its ability to transform â€Å"douche bags† to â€Å"whole men†. The authoritative figures responsible for this transformation are the cadre (upper classman), carriers of the ring (alumni), and General Durrell (the president of the institute). Similar to the supremacist nature of the city of Charleston, â€Å"The Institute† also has an illustrious history of rejecting many. The honor of wearing the ring, the ring being a symbol of graduation, does not come easy and for some does not come at all. Whether it is the dark skinned Pearce, the pants pissing Bobby Bentley, or even Dante Pignetti some cadets are simply not allowed to graduate from the school. No matter how intelligent, strong, or determined some students are forced to leave the institute in order to keep the reputation of the institute strong. Will McLean, an Irish Roman Catholic and the novel’s protagonist, did not belong at the institute. However, because of his status on the basketball team, like most other athletes, he was overlooked by the system allowing him to experience the institute with no real danger of expulsion. Will noticed, through his experience in the plebe system and curiosity for â€Å"Then Ten†, that this school was wrong. Will realized that the rules inside the Gates of Legrand were different from the rest of the United Sates. Will McLean along with his roommates, Mark and Pig, rebelled against the institute, disagreeing with its illegality and abuse of selected students. As in most military schools, a system is put in place, to insure desired results. For â€Å"The Institute† there is three stages to achieving the desired result of becoming a whole man: Plebe Year (freshman year), the cadre (upperclassman), and wearing the ring (graduating from the University). During a cadet’s plebe year at the institute their mind, body, and personality are all completely destroyed. The cadet is stripped of his ndividualism and is turned into clay ball for molding. The cadre, for the most part, is responsible for the initiation to the institute. They, being the upperclassman, are assigned by the General to pick out the weak and unworthy and run them out of the institute. Whether, they give the unworthy individual extra thrashings, sweat parties, or emotional abuse the cadre almost always succeeds in the removal of such selected subjects. However, as long as a cadet does not have any disgraceful qualities, such as crying, food allergies, dark skin tone, or limited bladder control, â€Å"The Institute† will allow him to graduation. As long as one isolates the institute from the rest of the world, submit to all of its requests and necessities, and fight to protect its honor (even if that means going against one’s own morals) he will graduate form the South Carolina Military Institute. Will McLean, tolerated submission to the institute, the physical effort, and everything else the institute asked. However, Will would not abandon his moral compass, by physically abusing and emotionally destroying 18-year-old boys and he says this at the end of his plebe year â€Å"I Will not be like them. I will not be like them. I shall bear witness against them† (Conroy 232) Although, the brutality of the cadre was more than formidable, the institute often faced a strong willed individual that they could not break. For example Bobby Bentley, the pants pissing extraordinaire, refused to leave the institute and when Pig asked him why said â€Å"I had made up my mind that no one in the world was going to run me out of that school. I had made a vow to myself just like you guys must have done during the year sometime. † (Conroy 407). Although Bobby Bentley was receiving the very worst that the cadre had to offer, he was never going to leave the school. With the pride of the Institute at stake and the reputation of the cadre on the line, the institute needed a guaranteed dismissal from the unbreakable boy. â€Å"The Ten† designed by the institute in generations past, was designed to remove any problem student from the school no matter what. After Bentley’s mysterious departure Willy says, according to legend, â€Å"No one could survive the attention of The Ten† (Conroy 192). This is where the institute crosses the line. As if the viciousness of the plebe system is not enough, â€Å"The Ten† breaks the law. The Ten† is un-American and against the very foundations on which America was established. This is what makes Will rebel; this is what made him betray â€Å"The Institute†. Will assembled a group of friends to neutralize his shortcomings. Will, lacking physical strength and Charleston status, selected two meatheads (Mark Santoro and Dante Pignetti) and a legacy at the school and the city of Charleston (Tradd St. Croix). Although this seems like an irresponsible perverted way of selecting friends, this group of â€Å"paisans† had an inseparable bond. Subsequently, after Will was assigned to protect Pearce (the schools first African American student) his roommates became heavily involved. Although seemingly Will had everything under control, the involvement of â€Å"The Ten†, coerced his roommates to intercede. Throughout the final 200 pages of The Lords of Discipline, Will, Mark, and Pig step further and further outside of the boundaries of respectable cadet behavior. They kidnapping of Molligen, they witnessing â€Å"The Ten† torturing a student, and they were planning to confront the General. These men were in way over their head. Although the system of this military institute is brutal, inappropriate, and even illegal it does, in fact, produce â€Å"whole men†. Honesty, honor, discipline, strength, loyalty, and brotherhood are all facets at the heart of â€Å"The Institutes† curriculum. These characteristics were instilled into the hearts and minds of the â€Å"paisans†. These characteristics are what inspire Mark, Pig, and Will to fight â€Å"The Institute†. They knew that they were extremely outnumbered and even outwitted, but believed that their bond, their brotherhood could withstand anything. As Pig says after physically dismantling Cain Gilbreth â€Å"The Ten† â€Å"We stick together like brothers and go on secret mission for her majesty. We have adventures and great times. That was the most fun I’ve ever had out there on the beach with you boys† (Conroy 442). Ultimately, neither the â€Å"paisans† nor the South Carolina Military Institute won. Pearce, Will and Mark all graduated, much to the chagrin of â€Å"The Institute† and Pig died. Pig’s death is a example of a consequence to rebellion. Although Pig, committed suicide, it was â€Å"The Institute† that killed him. By expelling him from the school, â€Å"The Institute† destroyed Pig’s goals, passion, marriage, and life. By having the characteristics of a â€Å"whole man†, Pig would have rather killed himself than submit himself to dishonor. Although, Will had information, credible information, along with first hand sources, to ruin â€Å"The institute† he didn’t. While speaking to Tradd, in regards to why he can no longer say Pig’s name Will says â€Å"I can’t say it, I can’t say it because the Institute is that strong within me. It is in me so deep I’ll never get it out, Tradd. It is strong† (Conroy 550). The South Carolina Military Institute was responsible for the death of Will’s best friend, the humiliation of himself, and the terrorization of many plebes before him, but Will still wanted to wear the ring. Will still wanted to graduate. Without a doubt, The South Carolina Military Institute was wrong. Their treatment of students were not only morally unacceptable, but illegal. Had the United States Government received information about Pearce’s torture or even the way plebes were treated General Durrell would have been imprisoned and â€Å"The Institute† dismantled.

The Impact of Globalization and the Internet Presents Real

The topic of globalization has become a hotly contested debate over the past two decades. Indeed, the increased integration of international economies have led to costs to some and benefits to others. These costs and benefits are a result of three effects of globalization, that is, expanded markets, cheaper resources or a combination of the two. Firstly, from the business perspective, one effect of globalization is that of expanded markets. This means that a business that had previously only sold its goods domestically can start selling products to other countries and this can increase their profit potential.Secondly, another consequence of bilateral trade agreements is the access to cheaper resources. Until the start of the 1990's, the People's Republic of China was largely closed off to the rest of the world. Many companies in the United States produced their goods either domestically or in areas with slightly less expensive labor. When China opened its market to the rest of the wo rld, however, American companies were able to take advantage of the far cheaper labor.This is known as outsourcing. Cheaper labor contributes to cheaper costs, which in turn contributes to larger profits. Sometimes, but not always, this may also mean cheaper products and services. Finally, International development, as a consequence of globalization, arises out of a combination of both expanded markets as well as cheaper resources. A prime example of this is India. Before the late 90s, the information technology sector in India was largely in its infancy stage.However, coupled with an educated yet inexpensive workforce, foreign companies were able to start subsidiaries of high tech activities in cities like Bangalore. This technological know-how spread to local firms, who in turn grew as a result of expanded markets both in India as well as the rest of the world. More and more organizations are getting hooked into the Internet. They use the Internet to promote and sell their product s and services, provide customer support, deliver training, and share corporate information with clients, employees, and customers.Businesses have found that the Internet is a powerful tool to help keep their employees and customers connected. In Vietnam, many organizations know to take advantages of globalization and internet to manage their operations. However, to survive in a competitive environment, they must understand in depth the strategic planning with the support of two above factors. Strategic planning is an organization’s process of defining its strategy , or direction, and making decision on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy.In order to determine the direction of the organization, it is necessary to understand its current position and the possible avenues through which it can pursue a particular course of action. Generally, strategic planning deals with at least one of three key questions: 1. â€Å"What do we do? † 2. â€Å"For whom do we do it? † 3. â€Å"How do we excel? † With the aid of Internet, firms can use high technology to access the external situation analysis, supplier markets and labor markets. In addition, they can easily find the database of competitors on the internet to design the attractive policy and prices for their own companies.References list: Wheelen, T. L. , & Hunger, J. D. (2012). Concepts in strategic management and business policy (13th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Myatt, M. (2011). The impact of globalization on business. Retrieved from: http://www. n2growth. com/blog/the-impact-of-globalization-on-business/ Green , J. (2011). How Does Globalization Affect an Organization's Business Approach? Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness. chron. com/globalization-affect-organizations-business-approach-20077. html

Oliver Twist1 essays

Oliver Twist1 essays Oliver Twist provides insight into the experience of the poor in 1830s England. Beneath the novels humor and dramatic plot runs an undertone of bitter criticism of the Victorian middle class's attitudes toward the poor. Dickens's Oliver Twist very vividly critisizes the legal system, workhouses, and middle class moral values and marriage practices of 1830s England. Oliver Twist is born a sickly infant in a workhouse. His birth is attended by the parish surgeon and a drunken nurse. His mother kisses his forehead and dies, and the nurse announces that Oliver's mother was found lying in the streets the night before. The surgeon notices that she is not wearing a wedding ring. Oliver is then placed into a very undesirable situation as a poor, homeless, helpless, motherless orphan. The first few years of his life offer nothing more than a life of many trails and little to no triumph. The entire story of Oliver Twist revolves around his mysterious identity. Who is Oliver Twist? The complication Of Olivers life was that he didnt know who he was and he had no place in society. From birth he was thrown from one bad situation into another. He worked in a workhouse where he was treated badly and barely feed. After working there for a while, still a child, he started work with and undertaker who also treated him badly and beat him spiractically. When Oliver ran away from the undertaker, he fell into the hands of some low life thieves, who tired to persuade him into a life of crime. Fagin assures him that he has won Oliver over in spirit, but he wants Oliver to take part in a serious crime in order to firmly seal the boy in his power. (Dickens, Chp. 18) Although temptation is all around him, Oliver does not want to participate in a life of crime. On his first day as a thief Oliver is arrested but not charged The person who accused him of stealing, Mr. ...

An American Coup essays

An American Coup essays The Gore versus Bush post-election was infinitely more exciting and significant than the actual contest. Who would have thought that such a boring and manipulated competition would culminate in an American style, Supreme Court-certified coup detat. It was seriously a coup. Something happened out of imagination. Al Gore is the elected President of the United States. He received 539,898 more votes than George W. Bush. But he does not sit in the Oval Office. How interesting. I think thats when POWER comes from, and having access to powerbomb you are right there in white house. Michael Moore calls the election of George W. Bush, An American Coup. He is totally right. With all of these powers, connections, and money Bush was able to take over the votes and sit where was belonged to Gore, and become the president of the United Sates. Ignoring right votes changed the solution. Bush didnt win the popular votes, but it didnt stop him from becoming president of the country. Fixing the presidential election was the next best step. All the predictions said the race was close with Bush enjoying a slight lead. A little rigging here, a little calling in some favors there and the deed would be done. The main objective in Florida was to screw the Blacks and Jews who would be voting for Gore. A lot of Blacks kicked off the voting rolls because they considered as felons. What a trick. Bush had something that Gore didnt have. He had the connection. He didnt win the votes from state of Florida, but he won his brother Jeb Bush governor of Florida. The law states that ex-felons cannot vote in Florida. That means 31 percent of all black men in Florida are prohibited from voting because they have a felony on their record. Harris and Bush knew that removing the names of ex-felons from the voter rolls would keep thousands of black citizens out of the voting booth. Black Flo ridians, ...

A Definition of Amnesty

A Definition of Amnesty Generally, amnesty is defined as any governmental pardon for past offenses or crimes, especially political ones. Granting amnesty goes beyond a pardon, in that it forgives the said offense completely, and typically without consequences. For purposes of conservative politics, amnesty is a political term typically associated with two major issues: immigration and capital punishment. As it relates to immigration, amnesty is the term used for granting automatic citizenship to resident aliens, who are in the United States illegally. Amnesty for illegal immigrants is the subject of tremendous controversy since it essentially bypasses the citizenship and assimilation process essential to all legal immigration into the United States. As it relates to the death penalty, amnesty is the term used for when a governor grants a reprieve from execution to a prisoner sentenced to death. In this case, amnesty is different from a pardon in that it doesnt exonerate the condemned from all punitive action or absolve the convicted of all wrongdoing.​ Illegal Immigration Was the 2013 Gang of Eight Bill amnesty? The easy answer is: Not really. The 2013Â   immigration bill did not offer blanket amnesty. In fact, there were a number of requirements, penalties, and steps that needed to be taken in order to remain in the country legally, and not everyone would get to stay: The Gang of Eight bill is actually called the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013. It was a comprehensive immigration reform proposal originating in and passed by the US Senate. It was a Democrat-friendly bill that needed a lot of work and had a lot of poor elements to it. The eight members included Republicans Marco Rubio, John McCain, Jeff Flake, and Lindsey Graham and Democrats Chuck Schumer, Bob Menendez, Richard Durbin, and Michael Bennet. The bill eventually passed by a vote of 68-32. From a conservative standpoint, the bill was not very good and though it had provisions beefing up border security, they were ultimately toothless and gave far too much power to the executive branch. Immigration Reform If immigration reform fails once again, it needs to fail after both the Senate and House pass bills. If the House passes an enforcement-first bill that the Senate refuses to adopt, the Senate is equally responsible for reform failing. And while voters agree immigration reform needs to happen, they also agree that closing the border and preventing more illegal immigration is a top priority. If the bill ultimately fails it will be on those grounds. Democrats want little in the way of border security, increasing deportation of criminal aliens, or slowing down the legalization and citizenship process. All of these are crucial elements of any immigration reform. If they are absent, reform should fail. These provisions have broad support among voters. The proof is in the television and radio ads that members of the Gang of Eight are running. In those ads, the Senate bill proponents constantly talk about strong enforcement measures because they know Americans do not want to see the current scenario play out again in a decade. Of course, those measures have been trimmed out of the bill. If immigration reform ultimately fails because conservatives stood for these core elements it will be harder for them to be badgered politically. After all, the are holding out for positions with broad public support. That said, the Republican Party has never been known to play to their advantages well with the public. Pronunciation: amnistee Also Known As: acquittal, compurgation, exculpation, forgiveness, mercy, release Examples: Amnesty is a terrible policy, and its terrible politics. Its a terrible policy because you are rewarding people for breaking the law.- Tom Tancredo

Shakespeare Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Shakespeare - Research Paper Example He grows more and more insane as the play progresses. displayed in the cast-away sister. In this way, Lear can be seen to be craving for the sort of blindness that he is already in the process of imposing upon himself when he says, â€Å"Old fond eyes, beweep this cause again, I’ll pluck ye out, and cast you, with the waters that you lose, to temper clay. Yea, is it come to this? Let it be so: I have another daughter†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Shakespeare I,iv,292-294). A close reading of these words show that Lear is still using emotion to convey meaning, and also to convey the theme of blindness mentioned above, which is strong throughout the work. Lear is the one being portrayed as blind. The work can be shown through a close reading of how Goneril talks to Lear. In a chosen scene, Goneril states, â€Å"I do beseech you To understand my purposes aright: As you are old and reverend, you should be wise. Here do you keep a hundred knights and squires; Men so disorderd, so deboshd and bold, That this our court, infected with their manners, Shows like a riotous inn: epicurism and lust Make it more like a tavern or a brothel Than a graced palace. The shame itself doth speak For instant remedy† (Shakespeare, I, iv, 140-7). A close reading of this passage shows how Goneril starts off with a rhyming couplet that signifies important speech, and then goes on to flowery flattering of her father which is evident to the reader, but not to Lear, as false. This passage also shows that Goneril clearly thinks that she knows better than her father the king how the land should be ruled. â€Å"Angered by what he perceives as Cordelias insufficient love, Lear splits the kingdom be tween Regan and Goneril. Their treachery, however, soon becomes clear as they strip their father of all his authority and possessions. Lear then realizes the sincerity of Cordelias love† (King, 2000). Lear is essentially a tragic play. Its action focuses on a character through, surefit of pride,

Organization Behaviour Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organization Behaviour - Research Paper Example Correspondingly, studies have revealed that various factors are associated with the theory of OB, which makes it a multidimensional approach to contemporary management, constituting the perceptions of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job attitudes among others. Among its various dimensions, this research paper will mainly discuss the topic of job attitudes with the focus on investigating the level of both job satisfaction and organizational commitment within a specific business organization, i.e. Kaiser Permanente Northwest. Notably, it is the employees involved in the operational process of any business organization, responsible for the determination of organizational culture. Hence, job attitude amid employees, determined by their job satisfaction degree, can be apparently observed as a crucial facet to enhance their organizational commitment and subsequently, outline the organizational culture (Saari and Judge 396-407). With this concern, the research paper intends to conduct an OB audit of an American healthcare organization, i.e. Kaiser Permanente Northwest. The outline of this research paper has accordingly been structured with a brief overview of this healthcare organization, followed by the analysis of data gathered, to conclude the findings as well as the results obtained from the interviewees. Subsequently, certain recommendations, based on the analysis about how the healthcare organization might address its weaknesses or deficiencies, with respect to the above stated topic and a solid conclusion have also been incorporated in the outline. Kaiser Permanente (KP) is a health care company and America’s leader in formulating effective nonprofit health plans. Established in the year 1945, KP was created to help provide Americans medical care during the situations of Great Depression as well as World War II when health care was unaffordable. As of December 31, 2013, KP has a network of 38 hospitals, approximately 190,000

Economic analysis report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic analysis report - Essay Example Also, that loan would enable citizens to access insurance services such as natural disasters and health facilities as a way of reducing their vulnerabilities towards risks. The financial system of Indonesia is dominated by banking institutions. As such, only a few people access credit services from those institutions. From this point of view, the loan from World Bank would promote non-banking financial sectors like mutual funds, pension funds and insurance services which have little or no financial barriers for the middle and poor members of the society. As such, it becomes apparent that the World Banks loan targeted the middle and poor members of the society, mainly to boost their lifestyles through empowering them financially. Achieving such a goal is possible through facilitating such less fortunate groups with easy access to cheap credit facilities and providing them with insurance services to reduce the risks and vulnerabilities faced by these young investors. The loan offered by the World Bank to the Government of Indonesia was vital to the government’s effort in maintaining its financial stability, improving financial management and preventing a financial crisis in the country. Another purpose of the loan was to promote the development of the micro-financing sector and non-banking institutions. As a fact, the micro-financing sector of Indonesia is still underdeveloped; thus with the signing of the loan from the World Bank, this sector would be among the primary targets for development as it helps a lot in protecting millions of families who live below the poverty line. Precisely, the World Bank funding would guard such families against hardships like unexpected natural disasters and deaths. Secondly, the loan would be used in addressing one of the financial goals being set by the government of Indonesia (World Bank

Organization and Organizational Change Assignment - 1

Organization and Organizational Change - Assignment Example The solution might require instituting drastic changes in policies or purchase of new machinery to facilitate the work process. However, as common in contemporary organizations, difficulties in the economic condition make financial resources scarce. As such, organizations usually resort to proposed changes which could be unconventional but feasible – if only in the short run. The article discussed the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Presbyterian Hospital’s strategies for implementing change with regards to the implementation of the Electronic Health Records (EHR) project; especially ways to address resistance to change (Sesack). One is convinced that overcoming resistance to change requires understanding of the need for the change that is to be instituted and communicating the relevance of implementing that change in the work setting. If the need for the change is justified to benefit various stakeholders in the work setting, over and above the current system, inevitably, implementation for change would ensue in a smooth and conflict free manner. It was therefore commendable that the key to overcoming resistance is the ability of leaders to communicate the need for change and allow the personnel to be affected by the change process to see the benefits of the change that would be implemented. The article therefore asserts that there really is nothing to fear with proposed changes. Managers should be able to motivate workers to see that changes would ultimately benefit all concerned in the long run. The article focuses on reasons why implementing change in the work setting fails (Ashkenas). The author evaluated the change theories and ways of implementing change to discern if there is a need to change a crucial facet in the process. As asserted, â€Å"the content of change management is reasonably correct, but the managerial capacity to implement it has been woefully

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Case study - Assignment Example The nursing assessment tools relevant for the situation of David Kings are Crichton Royal behavior scale and the Barthel Index. Barthel Index encompasses ten items for measuring daily functioning of patients and particularly mobility and daily living (Gallao 2006, pg. 201). The tool helps in investigating items such as moving, feeding, transferring to toilet and back, bathing, walking, dressing, grooming, up and downstairs movement and continence of bladder. The Barthel Index is important here considering that the situation of avid King disenables him practicing self-care or operating independent of a caretaker. His hands are weak, he cannot communicate and has incontinent bladder that makes the tool the best for offering comprehensive care. Crichton Royal behavior scale measures patient’s ability in ten dimensions or items that include mobility, memory, self-care, social disturbances, communication and orientation (Schachter 2011, pg. 181). This toll is relevant considering t hat it guides in accurate assessment on issues that directly affect David Kings. For instance, the tool cab help a nurse assess and scale communication, coordination and memory capability of the patient. From the description of the case study, David Kings seems to be suffering from three health problems that include heart attack, body injuries and impaired memory. Body injuries resulting from the slump that necessitated admission of David Kings in the hospital is the most urgent health care problem that nurses need to attend. Impaired memory and cognition is the second most urgent healthcare need about David Kings and which requires quick attention. Heart attack that could be due blood pressure requires the least urgent medical care. The reason for making manifest and hidden body injuries as urgent healthcare problems facing David Kings relates to the magnitude of the pain that the problem is likely to cause to the patient. Managing and

Alcan write up Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Alcan write up - Case Study Example Some of the trends in its mergers and acquisitions are indications of this. However, the company has not sought to benefit from operational synergies that are available to it. Organizing Model – In this model several business unit or process leaders in the company make there own decisions. This is akin to a feudal system. This indicates that a decentralized approach is taken towards the organization and management of resources. Architecture – The IT governance style appears to be that of anarchy as each user group pursues its own IT agenda. This has resulted in over 1000 applications. Of this over 400 relates to finance. This has been that way even as the CFO as head of Corporate IT. Standards – The governance style of anarchy prevails as there are really no set standards to follow. The various user groups in each business unit appear to do as they please without any regard for what is happening in similar areas in the organization. Resources – Each business unit decides on the resources that it needs. No attempt is made to determine if the competencies exist in the organization. As a result 80% of IT budget is spent on outsourcing, equipment and software. This would seem to imply that with all the mergers and acquisitions the competencies in IT has not improved but has only gotten worst. Governance is structured in this way at Alcan because after mergers and acquisitions take place the companies basically retain their identity as separate business units. There is no attempt to benefit from economies of scale in terms of merging similar IT projects. Thus on Ouelette’s arrival three separate SAP implementation were taking place at the same time. The advantages of this type of decentralized structure are that: it allows the CIO to concentrate on key IT decisions; and the business unit executives are free to carry out their management function as they were used to before the merger. They operate as before the merger and