Segmented Worms and Their Species

Segmented worms (Annelida) are a group of invertebrates that includes about 12,000 species of earthworms, ragworms, and leeches. Segmented worms live in marine habitats such as the intertidal zone and near hydrothermal vents. Segmented worms also inhabit freshwater aquatic habitats as well as moist terrestrial habitats such as forest floors. Anatomy of Segmented Worms Segmented worms are bilaterally symmetrical. Their body consists of a head region, a tail region, and a middle region of numerous repeated segments. Each segment is separate from the others by a structure called septa. Each segment contains a complete set of organs. Each segment also has a pair of hooks and bristles and in marine species a pair of parapodia (appendages used for movement). The mouth is located on the first segment at the head-end of the animal and the gut runs through all segments to the end where an anus is located in the tail segment. In many species, blood circulates within blood vessels. Their body is filled with fluid that gives the animal shape through hydrostatic pressure. Most segmented worms burrow in terrestrial soils or sediments at the bottom of freshwater or marine waters. The body cavity of a segmented worm is filled with fluid inside which the gut runs the length of the animal from head to tail. The outer layer of the body consists of two layers of muscle, one layer that has fibers that run longitudinally, a second layer that has muscle fibers that run in a circular pattern. Segmented worms move by coordinating their muscles along the length of their body. The two layers of muscles (longitudinal and circular) can be contracted such that parts of the body can be alternately long and thin or short and thick. This enables the segmented worm to pass a wave of movement along its body that enables it to, for example, move through loose earth (in the case of the earthworm). They can make their head region thin so that it can be used to penetrate through new soil and build subterranean burrows and paths. Reproduction Many species of segmented worms reproduce asexually but some species reproduce sexually. Most species produce larvae that develop into small adult organisms. Diet Most segmented worms feed on decaying plant materials. An exception to this are the leeches, a group of segmented worms, are freshwater parasitic worms. Leeches have two suckers, one at the head end of the body, the other at the tail end of the body. They attach to their host to feed on blood. They produce an anticoagulant enzyme known as hirudin to prevent blood from clotting while they feed. Many leeches also ingest small invertebrate prey whole. Classification The beard worms (Pogonophora) and the spoon worms (Echiura) are considered to be close relatives of the annelids though their representation in the fossil record is rare. The segmented worms along with the beard worms and spoon worms belong to the Trochozoa. Segmented worms are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Invertebrates Segmented Worms Segmented worms are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Polychaetes - The polychaetes include about 12,000 species that are characterized by having multiple hairs on each segment. They have nuchal organs on their neck that function as chemosensory organs. Most polychaetes are marine animals although some species live in terrestrial or freshwater habitats.Clitellates - The clitellates include about 10,000 species that have no nuchal organs or parapodia. They are noted for their clitellum, a thick pink section of their body that produces a cocoon to store and feed fertilized eggs until they hatch. The Clitellates are further divided into the oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and the Hirudinea (the leeches).

Who Is The Best Option - 1645 Words

People will always encourage you to never give up. But sometimes, I ve found, giving up is the best option you have, because you realize one day that you re wasting your time. As I fought the urge to punch my parents in the face, I realized that was the case. I was wasting my time trying to convince them that regardless of the upbringing they have forced upon me, I was going to live my own life the way I feel pleased to live it. I scanned the room we were feuding in: a small living room with pictures of Bruce Springsteen where the average, normal family would have had portraits of themselves. Moreover to the left, there was a small frame containing my face, painted stark white with black motifs where ever they chose to place them. A Kiss concert, because where else would an art major want to spend his time? Certainly not at the art show his parents forced him to miss so he could attend the concert of a lifetime. I can t believe this, my father started. Your destiny. Our family name. You want to waste it on paint? He paced when he was angry, which made his beer belly flop around. His band t-shirt fit too snugly on his protruding stomach, so his hands were placed strategically to nonchalantly lower the chances of his midriff collapsing. Though it hardly helped. My mother sat on the couch, her bubblegum pink braids hanging low along with her head. I thought you wanted this, Tripp. I thought you liked rock and roll, being in the family band. Don t you want toShow MoreRelatedWho Is The Best Option?838 Words   |  4 Pageswhen a person acts counter to his or her own best judgment. This is also called incontinence. Many philosophers argue whether or not an incontinent action can even occur. It seems hard to believe that a person could believe one action to be the best option yet commit another action. If we believe an action to be best then why would we choose another action? Is it weakness of the will or is it something else? 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Mark detested himself“ for being so brainless at times, for the lack of ideas within his head Essay Example For Students

Mark detested himselfâ€Å" for being so brainless at times, for the lack of ideas within his head Essay Mark detested himself à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for being so brainless at times, for the lack of ideas within his head when there was meant to be enough time to think. Our man reassured himself that he was not totally in blame. Song writing is a passion for him. The enjoyment of the gust and agony within the lyrics of songs by hard-rockers had served as a form of inspiration. He felt empathy, similarity to how the rockers feel about life. Marks collection of self-composed songs have hints of vulgarity every now and then, even though the man knew that he will never get his sensitive fellow Singaporeans to hear them. A talent left undiscovered. Sighing, Mark resolved in attaining some peace. He broke from his mess of thoughts, closing his notebook- his personal Thoughts from a cynic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" with no reference to Confucius sayings. He kept the compact book in his underwear drawer, which is an impossible reach from his nosey younger sister. Mark grabbed his guitar, strummed to some nonsensical tune and sang his personal favourite production. My Maths teacher, she gaveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ me detention! he wined, having nostalgic moments of secondary school life, I sat on the benchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ staring at the girls from basketballà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. He went on until his sister shouted shut up from the next room. He turned to his clock. Eleven-thirty. Time to sleep, he muttered to himself, dropping dead on his bed. As usual, Marks friend, Aaron à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a man who strongly believes that punctuality is a virtue, was before time. Aaron was waiting under the sign, which showed directions to the different sectors of the campus of Singapore Polytechnic, resembling a mannequin of what latest fashion was. He prefers keeping up to trend. Hey, morning, Aaron! Mark greeted cheerfully. You moron, Aaron muttered. You made me wait for fifteen minutes. I looked like an idiot standing under this hot, burning sun. The duo strolled their way to the school canteen, receiving several stares and glances from the girls, which passed along the way. Both were not totally pleased with all that attention. I feel like weve been stalked, Mark grumbled, adjusting his spectacles, I guess thats the consequences of having some Prom King for a best friend, That was in Secondary school! Aaron insisted. Dont be modest, Mark said, reaching out his hand to pull his friends green-streaked fringe. Now I hope those first-year girls are not at the canteen, Oei, dont pull my hair, leh! Aaron retorted. After a quick bite of fresh sandwiches from the canteen vendor, the two rushed to their lecture hall. Mark broke into a silly tune along the way. Aaron was rather amused. Say, who wrote that song? Pretty cute, Aaron commented. Emà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that was written by some eighteen-year-old who is hailed as Singapores Ronan Keating, Local singer? Yeah, And whats his name? Mark Chan Wei Xiang, he grinned, pointing to himself. Oh! That idiot, ah! Aaron laughed. He noticed a small notebook amongst the pile of lecture notes, which his friend carried. Without asking, he grabbed it, flipping through its contents. Mark stopped, rather shocked. That was his personal notebook. What would Aaron think about all those radical ideas? Those are sillyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ emà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ writings, stammered our man. Aaron looked up. Closing the book, he smiled. Interesting, On one Saturday afternoon, Aaron was strumming his electronic guitar in his living room when the doorbell rang. Fetching it, he found himself face to face Mark, with his hair all spiked up with the help of reliable strong hair wax. You are late! yelled Aaron. Ten minutes, Mark tried. Yeah, what excuse do you have this time? That you took all that time making yourself look like a human porcupine? Yah, Aaron, but please let me in, I need to use your loo! You want me to flood the entrance of your door? While Mark was busy settling his own business in the comforts of the toilet, Aaron sea rched his desk for his latest issue of 8-days. Whilst browsing, he had found an advertisement placed up by the people from Singapore Youth Organization. .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e , .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .postImageUrl , .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e , .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e:hover , .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e:visited , .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e:active { border:0!important; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e:active , .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf77421d98f897e707bd0ea0c0ac13f3e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Eazy-E EssayThey had a Youth Park, allowing undiscovered band groups to perform their music pieces. Aaron felt it was a great opportunity for himself and Mark. After Aaron had discovered the hidden talents within his friend, the duo had worked together to form a band called the Juveniles, spending weekends at each others houses as they composed numerous songs in the whilst of munching on Sour-cream and Onion flavored Potato Chips. Mark returned from his trip to the water closet, grabbing the can of potation chips upon the table, then starting to devour them. Did you wash your hands? the hygiene man speaks. Mark mocks a disgusted for his friends extra-consciousness. Aaron h andled over the magazine to Mark, pointing to the advertisement. As Mark read, his thin lips curved to form a broad grin. Cool! Mark exclaimed, Five months of hard work may pay off right now! Yeah, some talent scout from some record company may be there, in search for new talents, Aaron helpfully suggested. Just shut up now, get me a pen to fill this form, Mark lugged his electronic guitar up to the small center stage, settling down on the wooden chair. He turned to his audience à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" people of his age, some whom he recognized seeing hanging out in his school compounds. When it comes to being known, Mark certainly earned that title à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for he was once a notorious school rebel, an Ah Beng who rebel without a cause, the one with the whole mop of golden-tinted hair. His friend, Aaron, was on the other end of the stage, holding on to a microphone. He felt high, imagining himself as the lead singer of a rock band performing for the great crowds in the National Stadium. Yet in reality, his audience is of less than fifty, unaware of whom he was too. He winked at one of the Chinese girls dressed in a halted top. The master-of-ceremony announced, And next we have the duo band, the Juveniles, consisting of Aaron as vocals and Mark, the guitarist. Mark waved politely, with Aaron being overwhelmed with enthusiasm, blowing kisses at the applauding crowd. The clapping stopped. Taking in a deep breath, Mark started strumming his composition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Sorry, written for his ex-girlfriend. With Aarons melancholy vocals singing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" If only I treasured those times rather than regretting right now for nothing, the Juveniles felt the dozens of pairs of eyes were paying full attention. Mark could just sense something good was going to happen. He looked up from his guitar, looking at his friend, who was really enjoying the presence of the crowd. The next Saturday, Aaron was surfing the Internet on Marks computer. Mark was flipping through The Straits Times Life! column. Aye, idiot! Stop chatting with those school girls, can or not? Mark retorted, looking up from the papers. Cannot, the other typed on the keyboard continuously, the eyes glued to the screen. Mark stood up and pushed his friend away playfully as the other rolled to the other corner of the room in the wheeled cushioned armchair. He went to check on his e-mail account, finding a new message for him. Joyce Chan, Mark read the senders name with much curiosity. Whos that? Aaron questioned Aaron, who had picked Marks pillow from his bed, practicing kissing skills on the unfortunate living thing. Mark read the mail. He was shocked; it showed upon his face. The man left the computer screen and literally drop onto his bed, head first. Aaron was curious on whatever that gave such a reaction on his friends. Perhaps someone had found the Juveniles a future talent, but yet, why the shocking expression? Mr. Mark Chan, Your band, the Juveniles, was great! This is Joyce, from Black Star modeling agency. We are currently recruiting fresh-faced models and we see you and your partner, Aaron Lee, as potential cover boys. Do contact me, Joyce, at my Handphone: 97325103 as soon as possible, thank you. Yours sincerely, Joyce Chan Black Box

The Holocaust Repirations And Payments Essays -

The Holocaust: Repirations and Payments Money cures all alements. The Holocaust was a robbery, however money cannot replace the lives that were destroyed. The World Jewish Congress estimates between 23-32 billion 1945 dollars were taken from jews in occupied Europe. This money was taken through lies, theft and outright barbarity. After the war, Western Allies helped Jews reclaim their property, however many people, who were liberated by the Soviets, did not have this luxury. When families began to settle, and were in need of funds, they took it upon themselves to sue the establishments who had confiscated their possessions. Many companies and countries readily paid millions of dollars, however the largest payment, came from Germany itself. The World Jewish Congress estimates between 23-32 billion 1945 dollars were taken from Jews in Occupied Europe. (CQ researcher) This money was taken from jewish people through deceit, trickery and outright theft. In light of these occurrences, many jews put their savings in swiss bank accounts. German officers also did the same with stolen money. After the war, the swiss banks kept this treasure they had amassed over a 12 year period. Other countries, such as Austria, and Poland stole precious possessions from Jewish families, such as rings, and trinkets. Personal items by the thousands were taken and used to make German Products. Things such as hair and fingernails were cut off and used to stuff pillows or to make cement. After the war, Western Allies helped Jews recalim their property as best as they could, however some jews lied, and stole other peoples precious belongings. Some governments formed formal investigation committies to discover what was whos so to speak. The new nation of Israel, which was taken from the Palistinians by the british, and given to the victims of the Holocaust, sued Germany for 4.5 Billion dollars. The money is critical for Israel to buy arms in order to stop any forms of rebellion. Many jews form class action suits against companies such as BMW and Mercedes-Benz, both of whom allegedly used jewish slaves to make vehicles. The United States Government creates a Holocaust claims commitee, to oversee and aid in the return of money and property. Many individual companies paid money, however the largest payment came from Germany itself. Germany agreed to pay 14 billion dollars over a period of 10-14 years to victims of the Holocaust. The money that the Swiss banks had kept, was being repaid. Several banks together agreed to pay 4.7 billion dollars in total to Holocaust families. Austria, pays 150 million dollars over a period of 15 years. However, some do not want anything to do with this money. This is because the money is made of "mother's rings" and "father's teeth". (Joast) Indeed the method most of this money was taken was in such a way, that to profit from such a horrible occurrence as this, one would have to lack certain qualities that reside in ones conscious. However the this shows us that the Holocaust victims were human, and not 100% victims as was the old notion. Many individuals were very critical of people who sought comfort and closure through million dollar settlements. What was taken from the millions of human beings during the Holocaust will and can never be returned, however money, should be the last thing on peoples minds when thinking of this. In fact, 67% of the people currently suing germany and other nations about the Holocaust, were not victims themselves. (http://wjcic.mvb.org/hlcst/current/~index/main.html) A price tag can never be put on a human life, and never should be. Asking for money, simply puts a price tag on one of the most horrifying chapters of mankind. Instead of asking for money, they should ask that Germany educate its young, that Switzerland uses the money it stole, to create a Holocaust memorial, that Poland build Jewish temples, but not fatten ones wallet.