Where Is English the Official Language

The English language developed in Europe in the middle ages. It was named after a Germanic tribe, the Angles, that migrated to England. The language has been developing for over a thousand years. While its roots are Germanic, the language has adopted many words that originated in other languages.  With words from many different languages making their way into the modern English lexicon as well.  French and Latin are two languages that had a large impact on modern English. Countries Where English Is an Official Language AnguillaAntigua and BarbudaAustraliaBahamasBarbadosBelizeBermudaBotswanaThe British Virgin IslandsCameroonCanada (except Quebec)Cayman IslandsDominicaEnglandFijiGambiaGhanaGibraltarGrenadaGuyanaIreland, NorthernIreland, Republic ofJamaicaKenyaLesothoLiberiaMalawiMaltaMauritiusMontserratNamibiaNew ZelandNigeriaPapua New GuineaSt. Kitts and NevisSt. LuciaSt. Vincent and the GrenadinesScotlandSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSolomon IslandsSouth AfricaSwazilandTanzaniaTongaTrinidad and TobagoThe Turks and Caicos IslandsUgandaUnited KingdomVanuatuWalesZambiaZimbabwe Why English Is Not the Official Language of the United States Even when the United States was made up of various colonies, multiple languages were commonly spoken. While most colonies were under British rule, immigrants from all over Europe chose to make the New World their home. For this reason, during the first Continental Congress, it was decided that no official language would be chosen. Today many think declaring an official National language could violate the first amendment, but this has been untested in the courts. Thirty-one states  have chosen to make it the official state language. English may not be the official language of the United States, but it is the most widely  spoken language in the country, with Spanish as the second most common language. How English Became a Global Language   A global language is one that is spoken by millions of people around the globe. English is one of these languages. But as an ESL student will tell you, English is one of the hardest languages to master. The sheer size of the language and its many linguistic oddities, like irregular verbs, can be challenging for students. So how did English become one of the most commonly spoken languages in the world? After World War  II, technological and medical advances in English speaking nations made the language a popular second choice for many students. As international trade grew larger each year, the need for a common language also grew. The ability to communicate with clients all over the world is a valuable asset in a global economy. Parents, hoping to give their children a leg up in the business world, also pushed their children to learn the language. This helped propel English towards being a global language. The Language of Travelers When traveling the globe, its worth noting that there are few places in the world where a little English wont help you out. While its always nice to learn some of the language of the country youre visiting, having a shared common language to fall back on is great. It allows speakers to feel like they are a part of the global community.

Anti Depressant For Seven Years - 1790 Words

I have taken the anti-depressant Paxil for seven years. This summer I began a gradual tapering off the anti-depressant medication. Each time that I have tried to quit taking paxil, I experience acute dizziness. Doctors call this Anti-Depressant Discontinuation Syndrome. I call it miserable. As I enter my sixth week weaning off from the paxil, I m noticing more and more problems with dizziness, vertigo, balance and nausea. It is compounded by heat, humidity and allergy issues. The last time I missed several doses of paxil, I had an acute attack of dizziness, nausea, disorientation, hallucinations and violent half awake dreams. The doctor diagnosed it as BPPV (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo). I was prescribed an anti-histamine which†¦show more content†¦Any eye or head movement causes a violent chain reaction of dizziness, sensations of swimming vision and mini tremors of shock waves of the brain. Needless to say this terrific dizziness sets off waves of nausea as well. Even lying down, with eyes closed the swimming vision continues. Doctors mention that many people mistake these withdrawal symptoms as a return of symptoms masked by the Paxil or anti-depressant. Many return to the medication to prevent the symptoms. Managing this antidepressants discontinuation syndrome and concomitant dizziness and vertigo isn t easy. I have read that it can take several months to a year to be rid of them. For more information on at-home therapeutic techniques for coping with Anti-depressant Discontinuation syndrome and the dizziness it causes, visit me at www.healthhelp4u.blogspot.com. Depression Realism - Self delusionI made a lot of important decisions in my life when the situations were most demanding. There was little time to indulge in research. I had to make assumptions and submit entirely to Almighty and make the decision. And surprisingly, those decisions have had a life changing effect, for the better. Dealing with a break up and taking exams at the same time, going through times when nobody seems to understand or give me any moral support. Decisions that I made during these times were made under so much depression and the state of mind I can t imagine at the moment or goingShow MoreRelatedPrescription Of Drug Drugs For Treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder1402 Words   |  6 Pagesto 35% of college students say they gave used stimulant pills to help them in school (Connor, 2011, p. 14-18). One problem with such stimulant drugs is that they can be addictive. The feeling a person gets on these stimulants is that similar to a seven hour long c affeine rush. The individual becomes addicted to this feeling and wants it all the time. This can result in the abuse of these medicines. Another problem is that they are easy to obtain. Doctors are quick to give a patient who showsRead More Bipolar Disorder Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pagesdisorder do not experience a full manic episode or mixed episode. There are also different subtypes of bipolar disorder, depending on the frequency of the episodes. A person suffers from rapid cycling when he/she experiences four or more episodes per year. Ultra rapid cycling is similar to rapid cycling except the episodes occur more often, experiencing four or more episodes per week. Sometimes the occurrence of episodes may be predictable, or exhibit some sort of pattern. One of the patterns observedRead More Prozac Causes More Deaths than Any Other Drug Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesDrug    Something is wrong with the focus on the drug war when 200,000 people die each year from prescription drugs, yet only 20,000 die from illegal drug use. Adverse reactions of prescription drugs are the third leading cause of death in America. In fact, people have a seven times greater chance of dying walking into their doctors office than they do getting behind the wheel of their car! Every year approximately 200,000 souls die from prescription drug reactions with another 80,000 dyingRead MoreThe Ethics Of Paediatric Anti Depressant907 Words   |  4 PagesM. C. Shearer and S. L. Bermingham outline and highlight the ethical concerns regarding the use of antidepressant medications in children and adolescents. Professors of Biology Shearer and Bermingham in their article The Ethics of Paediatric Anti-Depressant Use: Erring on the Side of Caution argue that prescribing antidepressants to youth is a simplistic approach to a complex issue and should be severely restricted by physicians and strictly enforced by parents. Paediatric depression (depressionRead MoreA Summary of Bipolar Disorder Essay1011 Words   |  5 Pagescondition that involves severe mood swings in an individual. It is a lifetime condition that needs to be treated to keep it in remission (APA). It is not just a mental illness, but a medical disease involving the brain. 2 The disease progresses as the years pass and the frequency of mood changing episodes becomes more frequent (MHN). Bipolar Disorder involves depressive and manic phases. With the symptoms presented, clinicians often misdiagnose patients as schizophrenics (Shalala). 3 Bipolar affectsRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Medical Condition1022 Words   |  5 Pagescondition that involves severe mood swings in an individual. It is a lifetime condition that needs to be treated to keep it in remission (APA). It is not just a mental illness, but a medical disease involving the brain. 2 The disease progresses as the years pass and the frequency of mood changing episodes becomes more frequent (MHN). Bipolar Disorder involves depressive and manic phases. With the symptoms presented, clinicians often misdiagnose patients as schizophrenics (Shalala). 3 Bipolar affectsRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Medical Condition1022 Words   |  5 Pagescondition that involves severe mood swings in an individual. It is a lifetime condition that needs to be treated to keep it in remission (APA). It is not just a mental illness, but a medical disease involving the brain. 2 The disease progresses as the years pass and the frequency of mood changing episodes becomes more frequent (MHN). Bipolar Disorder involves depressive and manic phases. With the symptoms presented, clinicians often misdiagnose patients as schizophrenics (Shalala). 3 Bipolar affectsRead MoreThe Smoke Free Policy1045 Words   |  5 PagesAs businesses transition into a smoke free work place, the total environment is condemned smoke free. Twenty years ago, restaurants allowed customers to smoke, where as now that smoke free policy has risen there are almost no restaurants or bars that allow smoking in the building. The majority of a restaurant’s customers are non smokers; therefore the income of customers would increase because non smokers would not have to worry about second hand smoke. Based on Zagat’s Release of 2008 America’sRead MoreNeurobiological And Biological Relationships Of Major Depressive Disorder1312 Words   |  6 Pagessadness (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Within Australia, almost half (45 percentage) of the population aged 16-85 years will experience a mental illness in their lifetime, with prevalence greatest amongst 18-24 year olds (26 percentage). Of those mental illnesses, depression is of the three most common (along with anxiety and substance use disorder), with one in seven Australians (14 percent) experiencing it in their lifetime (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009). Emerging Research ofRead Morecase study of the Joker1318 Words   |  6 Pagesinteractions, and has a fatalist view of human nature and society (Friedman Schustack, 2006) The DSM IV criteria for Anti-social Personality Disorder are clearly met by the Joker. He meets the need for a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15. Of the seven sub-criterions for this he meets at least five and maybe even all seven. He is over 18. His current actions are plenty of evidence and his lack of history would suggest an early beginning

Accounting Policy on Corporate Tax Avoidance

Question: Discuss about theAccountingfor Policy on Corporate Tax Avoidance. Answer: The Vision and Mission Statement The vision and the mission statement of the organization summarize their goals and objectives. Both of them serve differently for the company. The mission statements concentrate on the present; the mission outlines what a company wants to do now and a vision outlines what the company wants to do in the future. The focus of the vision statement is the future. It is a source of the inspiration and motivation. The mission statement informs about the desired level of the performance. Therefore, it can be said that the mission statement talks about primary objectives and the purpose of the organization and the vision statement is the statement, which states where one wants to be. Brambles is a supply chain logistics company which has its presence in over 60 countries(Blackmores.com.au). The largest operation of the company is in North America and Western Europe. Brambles have its headquarters in Sydney. Brambles provide services related to the supply chain logistics to its customers. Blac kmore is the Australias leading health company. The main aim of the company is to inspire people to control and invest in their well-being. Blackmore is the leading company in Australia for over 70 years. The vision of the company is to become the primary choice healthcare of the country. The company wants to establish a strong culture that promotes patients care, staff engagement by the help of new technologies and strategic alliances. The mission statement is to promote the healthier communities through the compassion and comprehensive health and human services, regardless of the activity to pay. The mission of Brambles is to be the worlds leading provider of the innovative business solutions in the support service. The company creates value by providing the outsourcing expertise to add exceptional value in the eyes of the customers. The company also creates value for the shareholders through the people and their enterprising spirit. The companys vision is to provide its primary i mportance to the customers. The company strives for success. The company is committed to provide safety, diversity, people and the teamwork. The company thus, believes in the culture of innovation. The Values of the Company The values that are associated with the blackmores company is the natural healthcare that will be considered as the core of the organization. It is not just the philosophy rather it is how they do the business. As per the company, the success of it depends on putting focus on the customers, innovative thinking along with responsible action towards the local community and the environment. All the values of the company are known as PIRLS, they are behavioral and aspiration. The values of the brambles are committed to zero environment harm including eliminating deforestation; to protect, restore and promote sustainability in terms of the use of forest in the value chain of the company. The Corporate Social Responsibility For the last two year, Brambles limited is included in the Dow jones sustainability world index (DJSI), this index identifies organizations that led their companies in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) (brambles.com). Therefore, it can be stated that Brambles works mainly through the CHEP and IFCO brands and it provided the supply chain solutions to its customers. In June 2015, CHEP North America introduced the corporate social responsibility, which included unique services to help the consumers to optimize their supply chains and therefore, to support the corporate social responsibility initiatives. The portfolio of the solutions is developed to assist the partners to shift products from firms or the shift various product to the different stores from the production center efficienly, addressing the damage of the product and the failed unit loads and empty the transport miles (brambles.com). CHEP North America had identified the process of efficient elimination of the waste o f the company and the way to improve the supply chain performance by considering certain facts like logistic, supply chain platforms, international trade, transportation and others.. One of the retailer joined with CHEP to test the new transportation solution and it is been estimated that the retailer will fill almost one million empty trailer miles which would generate a revenue of US $ 2.5 million (brambles.com). The three of the main retailers of grocery, which uses the unit load optimization solution, reduced damage at their distribution centre and the retailer saves about US $ 300000 in their supply chain (brambles.com). The DJSI considers the analysis of the corporate economic, environment and social performance, it assess issues that relates to the corporate governance, management of risk, branding of the product, mitigation in the climate change, the standards of the supply chain and the labor practices. According to the index, the name of the Brambles Limited has been included in the DJSI because of the code of conduct and the corporate governance. The company also ranked higher in the scale of the climate strategy and the policy meant for the environment. Therefore, according to the employees of the company it is been stated that the company is built on the principles of the sustainable. They are building a long-term relationship with the sustainable business that aims at serving the customers, the employees and the shareholders of the company. The company also supports the longleaf pine restoration in the USA (brambles.com). The Longleaf Alliance is a nonprofit organization that helps to promot e to retain, manage and restore the Longleaf Pine around the country. Therefore, CHEP USA has supported the organization for a number of years. In the year 2015, the collaboration assisted landowners and partners with planting of trees 2.99 million trees (brambles.com). The financial assistance is provided by the CHEP for the planting of trees (Navi 2012). Blackmore has committed to the sustainability and the social responsibility. Being the corporate and the responsible citizens, they believe that the issues of environmentally sustainable practice relating to all aspects of the business must be addressed by them. The business should demonstrate care, respect for the people and the compassion and the safe and the healthy community. Blackmore keeps on exploring the ways to reduce the product packaging impact on the environment. The recycling of the packaging product shall be increased and the company should develop the sustainable packaging solutions. The company is the founding signatory to the Australian packaging covenant, a sustainable packaging initiative that thus, changes the culture of the business. The agreement between the industries and the companies that have been made tries to aim at the packaging sustainability issues and provide funds for the same. Blackmore has started using glass in the container since early 60s comparing with the longevity and the protection that it provides to the product. The glass can be recycled easily. In the year 2014, the company made use of the process of closed loop for the bulk deliveries. The use of the closed loop will eliminate the plastic waste (Zentes et al. 2016). It reduced the handling time and the operational costs have also reduced to a certain level and have become environment friendly. The quality of materials that are used by the company is environment friendly and does not include any of the toxic items like mercury. The company is the company has initiated the the use of the Planet ark Australian recycling label and the use of paperless order picking. The entire environment and the sustainability initiatives are managed by the company along with the maintenance of the compliance with the Therapeutic Goods Administration high standards, which is related to the goods manufacturing practice that ensures high standards of manufacturing the goods. Blackmores company primary focus is to protect the environment from the harmful particles that are emitted by the packaging industry (Blackmores.com.au). The company in its headquarters has a high range generation plant, which fulfills the need of the energy of the company. The company also supports various charitable and the non-profit making institutions by providing funds in the charitable institutions. Some of the institutions that the company supports are as follows- cancer council, Chris OBrien life house, cure brain cancer foundation, heart research institute, WWF, Quest for life foundation. Heart Ali an d many others.The company also supports Australian athletes named- Collingwood football club, holy Wawn and sam bloom (Blackmores.com.au). The companys festival that was named as Blackmores Sydney running festival raised $ 1.2 million for 33 official charities and attracted 32,000 participants. The company raise an amount of $ 15.5 million for the charity (Blackmores.com.au). The company also provides the employee charitable scheme for the employees where the employees are motivated to participate in the charitable scheme. The participating employees is provided with the deduction in the taxation paid by them by 0.5 percent (Blackmores.com.au). Value Created by the Shareholders However, with the investor point of view the Blackmore Company has the dividend payout and dividend reinvestment plan for the investors. Blackmore provides dividend to the shareholders of the company in March and September (Blackmores.com.au). The Brambles Limited have provided interim as well as the final dividend in the year 2016. In the year 2015, the company has provided final dividend to its shareholders. Between the years 2012 to 2014, no dividend was paid to the shareholders (Amiram et al. 2012). In the year, 2009 and 2010 the dividend and interim dividend both were paid to the shareholders (Blackmores.com.au). Reference Amiram, D., Bauer, A.M. and Frank, M.M., 2012. The effect of the shareholder dividend tax policy on corporate tax avoidance.Unpublished, University of Virginia, Darden School Foundation. Blackmores.com.au. (2016).About us. [online] Available at: https://www.blackmores.com.au/about-us [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Blackmores.com.au. (2016).Dividend information. [online] Available at: https://www.blackmores.com.au/about-us/investor-centre/dividend-information [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Brambles Corporate Site. (2016).Annual Reports. [online] Available at: https://www.brambles.com/annual-reports [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Brambles Corporate Site. (2016).Brambles. [online] Available at: https://www.brambles.com/ [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Brambles Corporate Site. (2016).Corporate Governance Overview. [online] Available at: https://www.brambles.com/corporate-governance-overview [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Brambles Corporate Site. (2016).Dividends. [online] Available at: https://www.brambles.com/dividends [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Brambles Corporate Site. (2016).Investor Centre. [online] Available at: https://www.brambles.com/investor-centre [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Navi, S.T., 2012. Corporate social responsibility. Zentes, J., Morschett, D. and Schramm-Klein, H., 2016. Corporate Social Responsibility. InStrategic Retail Management(pp. 207-226). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

History of Police Psychology

The integration of psychological services into law enforcement agencies is referred to as police psychology. From the early 20th century, the field of psychology has been expanding drastically.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Police Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With this expansion, psychology has been applied in various organizations beyond the law enforcement agencies. Similarly, increased applications of psychology in police departments have led to diversification in psychologists’ roles. In the U.S., police psychologists are not only mandated to assess, select, counsel law enforcers, but also to diagnose supervisory challenges (Kitaeff, 2011). In the early 1900s, Hugo Munsterberg suggested that psychologists could play major roles in law, courts, police departments, and forensic investigations. In this regard, Munsterberg is considered as a pioneer in forensic psychology. Other prominent psychologists who have influenced the growth of police psychology are William Stern, Lewis Terman and Alfred Binet. In the year 1916, Terman developed a model that was to be used in selecting qualified law enforcers. The model was never used due to its inability to provide authentic information. In the year 1921, experimental studies were conducted to ascertain the relationship between the police attitudes and their performance. It was not until the year 1954 that the U.S. government acknowledged the application of psychology in law enforcement departments; by appointing Martin Reiser to be the nation’s first full-time police enforcer.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reiser initiated the use of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in screening applicants to the Los Angeles Police Department (Kitaeff, 2011). Currently, the field plays significant roles in staf f recruitment, selection, counseling, training, and evaluation within the police departments. Increased applications of psychology in law enforcement agencies have resulted in numerous benefits. Counseling has enabled police officers and their families to manage work related stresses. For the last two decades, decrease in excessive use of force by the law enforcers is attributed to increased applications of psychology in the police departments. Similarly, the field has resulted in the recruitment of competent personnel. This has not only enhanced police services, but also enhanced their public image. Increased applications of psychology in law enforcement departments have led to rampant professional issues, legal issues and ethical issues within the police departments. Professional issues affect police psychologists in their daily activities. One of the professional issues identified is confidentiality. All psychologists gain access to insightful and personal information. As a resul t, law enforcement psychologists are expected to uphold confidentiality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Police Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Equally, they are required to offer professional judgment and opinions to their clients. Similarly, police psychologists are expected to act as evaluators. They should offer independent and fair evaluations. As evaluators, law enforcement psychologists are required to be morally upright. This implies that police psychologists should come up with unbiased assessments to determine whether individuals are fit to work as police officers. While doing so, they are required to take necessary precautions to protect individuals’ privacy. All law enforcement psychologists are professional counselors. They are trained to offer counseling services to law enforcement personnel and their families. Through this, they are expected to help their clients cope with family issues, work stress, and other social related problems. As required by the ethical standards, confidentiality should be upheld by all police psychologists (Gudjonsson, 2003). As a police psychologist, one should be able to handle sensitive records. Similarly, law enforcement psychologists should be skilled in tackling vital incident debriefing. During this process, they should be careful to avoid causing discomfort to their clients. Since the incorporation of psychology in law enforcement agencies, several ethical issues have arisen (Kurke Scrivner, 1995). Ethical issues identified are competence, confidentiality, dual relationships, and conflict management. It is alleged that some law enforcement psychologists use outdated assessment procedures, perform unwarranted evaluations, and delegate their work to incompetent trainees. Police psychologists should uphold the outlined standard laws and ethics.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For effective services, police psychologists should consult and train continuously to develop and increase their competence. Similarly, police psychologists should adopt reasonable steps when administering their therapy to avoid dual relationships. It is important that law enforcement psychologists abide by these guidelines to end unethical actions and offer effective services to all. With increased usage of technology by police psychologists, legal issues have been on the rise. Electronic gadgets have enabled police and forensic psychologists handle sensitive information with ease (Wrightsman, 2001). As a result, several legal issues related to confidentiality have been cited. Consequently, legislations have been developed to protect clients’ privacy. Because of this, conservative psychologists have argued that legislations have prevented them from playing their roles independently (Wrightsman, 2001). In the year 1990, The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 was signed i nto law. The act was enacted to protect people with disabilities in employment, public accommodations, public transport, and communication services. Through this law, all people with disabilities are protected from losing their employment. However, issues arise when the individual involved is a police officer. Police employers are required to employ and retain mentally and emotionally fit individuals, hence the discrepancy in the two laws. References Gudjonsson, G. H. (2003). The psychology of interrogations and confessions a handbook. Chichester, West Sussex, England: Wiley. Kitaeff, J. (2011). Handbook of police psychology. New York: Routledge. Kurke, M. I., Scrivner, E. M. (1995). Police psychology into the 21st century. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Wrightsman, L. S. (2001). Forensic psychology. Australia: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. This essay on History of Police Psychology was written and submitted by user BenGr1mm to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How To Use Advanced Link-Building Tactics To Crush SEO [PODCAST]

How To Use Advanced Link-Building Tactics To Crush SEO [PODCAST] Everyone wants more traffic, particularly organic traffic. The way to get that is to boost your SEO strategy to rank better and to drive more people to your website. But what is this SEO game all about? How does Google decide who it loves and who it doesn’t? Is having industry influencers sending their own audience members to your site just a pipe dream? Today we’re talking to Joshua Hardwick, the founder of the SEO Project and a writer at Ahrefs. He’s going to talk to us about outreach-based SEO. If you’ve been wanting to get your site at the top of the Google results page (and who hasn’t?), you won’t want to miss today’s show. Some of the highlights include: A bit of information about The Seo Project and what is on the blog. What outreach-based link-building is and why it’s important to someone’s SEO strategy. Why the quality and usefulness of your content is still king, no matter what your SEO strategy is. The importance of knowing your audience: What do they want to read about? Joshua talks about a few hints and tips for getting more people to read your content. Why the skyscraper technique often works well. How to reach out to industry influencers in an effort to build a relationship. Some ways NOT to approach link-building with outreach. Tips on how to know whether your strategy is working: What metrics should you be looking for? The SEO Project Skyscraper Technique Joshua on Ahrefs BuzzSumoIf you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Joshua: â€Å"The first place to start is to have something worthwhile, something that people will actually link to.† â€Å"My number one piece of advice would be just to be as genuine as you possibly can.† â€Å"Even if youre creating great content, even if you’ve got everything else right, most people won’t rank for the terms that they want to rank for without getting at least some links.†

Effective pedagogic principles in primary teaching today Essay

Effective pedagogic principles in primary teaching today - Essay Example During the development of academic content for students of the English language, teachers should check that they establish standards for the content to be covered by the syllabus. Apart from doing that, it is primarily important for teachers to employ all the means available to them, to increase the accessibility of the given content among the students (Garinger, 2002). In a similar way, the teacher should guarantee that the language used for teaching should be culturally relevant and authentic. The research done in this field shows that the textbooks used for teaching the English language should be suitable to the varied needs of the students to be taught using the specialised teaching materials. The extensive research done in this area shows that the textbooks used for teaching students should be varied, progressive, and challenging (Garinger, 2002). The materials used for teaching English should offer learners the opportunity to use language in an integrated manner, and more importantly, the different materials should be connected to one another, so as to allow for the progression of skills in language (Howard and major, 2005). The selection of the materials incorporated into the teaching of English should take into account, the varied cultural backgrounds of the learners, and incorporate the use of culturally relevant literature. The materials used should incorporate a wide range of texts related to different themes, and the activities should foster the language acquisition of the students. In order to help students to understand important concepts, the literature should incorporate a variety of visual representations, including charts, diagrams, pictures and concept maps; visual aids help to make language and content more accessible to students.

Literature Review and Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Literature Review and Report - Essay Example Succession planning is a process of identifying and developing people from within the organization with the potential to fill key leadership positions in the company. It increases the availability of experienced and capable employees that are prepared to assume these roles as they become available. It is now combined with leadership training and the processes together are very essential for the functioning of an organization. There are very many advantages of filling up the positions with existing employees, such as, they are already familiar with the values and the methods of functioning of the organization, the people of the organization already know them and thus it will be easier for them to fit in. Also, giving people such an opportunity ensures that they will work extra hard to get trained and developed so that they can fill in the gap required and aim for a promotion. Using internal employees also helps cut down on costs that would come up from the relentless head hunting acti vities for filling in a high post and gives out the message to the employees that the organization is closely knit and would rather give them the opportunities first. LITERATURE ARGUMENTS: Succession Planning Succession planning plays a very important role in regenerating a company's leadership, but quite often, the promises of traditional succession planning are not delivered. The whole purpose of succession planning in an organization, according to Leibman, Bruer and Maki (1996), is to develop a strong leader, not choose, but develop. This is because every organization has different needs and requirements from their leader. Allio (2007) insists that it is necessary to strategically build strong leadership teams in an organization, so as to meet these requirements. He discusses the importance of having good leaders in an organization and the effects that rogue leader can have. Barsh, Capozzi and Davidson (2008) on the other hand discuss the importance of the integration of innovati on into the strategic management of the organization. Leibman, Bruer and Maki (1996) write about the factors that play prominent roles in the development of these leadership teams. One of them is non discriminating hiring, which has led to work places being more diverse, in terms of gender, religious background, age group and ethnicities, all trying to balance home and work, to contribute to a better standard of living for the entire family. Thus, with increasing diversity in the workforce, it is essential that this factor be taken into account in the leadership development programs of organizations. Their research has shown that to achieve better results and higher productivity, corporations have begun to make changes in their structures. Allio (2007) adds to this view by stating, tall organizations are out, making way for a more lenient, flat structure that gives people greater authority and accountability, but also reduces chaos in the organization and encourages team efforts. Th is further contributes to the focus on preparing leadership team, rather than individuals. Also, having a team gives an organization more options and points of view. Barsh, Capozzi and Davidson (2008) provides an additional perspective that, this in some way makes the decision making process more efficient, if not easy, for the simple reason that more than one opinion is taken into account